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A randomized clinical trial of methadone maintenance for prisoners: findings at 6 months post-release
Michael S Gordon1, Timothy W Kinlock, Robert P Schwartz
1Friends Research Institute, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA. mgordon@friendssocialresearch.org
Aims:
This study examined the effectiveness of methadone maintenance initiated prior to or just after release from prison at 6 months post-release.
Design:
A three-group randomized controlled trial was conducted between September 2003 and June 2005.
Setting:
A Baltimore pre-release prison.
Participants:
Two hundred and eleven adult pre-release inmates who were heroin-dependent during the year prior to incarceration.
Intervention:
Participants were assigned randomly to the following: counseling only: counseling in prison, with passive referral to treatment upon release (n = 70); counseling + transfer: counseling in prison with transfer to methadone maintenance treatment upon release (n = 70); and counseling + methadone: methadone maintenance and counseling in prison, continued in a community-based methadone maintenance program upon release (n = 71).
Measurements:
Addiction Severity Index at study entry and follow-up. Additional assessments at 6 months post-release were treatment record review; urine drug testing for opioids, cocaine and other illicit drugs.
Findings:
Counseling + methadone participants were significantly more likely than both counseling only and counseling + transfer participants to be retained in drug abuse treatment (P = 0.0001) and significantly less likely to have an opioid-positive urine specimen compared to counseling only (P = 0.002). Furthermore, counseling + methadone participants reported significantly fewer days of involvement in self-reported heroin use and criminal activity than counseling only participants.
Conclusions:
Methadone maintenance, initiated prior to or immediately after release from prison, increases treatment entry and reduces heroin use at 6 months post-release compared to counseling only. This intervention may be able to fill an urgent treatment need for prisoners with heroin addiction histories.
