Exploring interactions of endocrine-disrupting compounds with different conformations of the human estrogen receptor...

Endocrine-disrupting compounds (EDCs) accumulating in nature are known to interact with nuclear receptors. Especially important is the human estrogen receptor alpha (hERalpha), and several EDCs are either known or suspected to influence the activity of the ligand-binding domain (LBD). We here present a comparative docking study of both well-known hERalpha ligands and small organic compounds, including selected polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), plasticizers, and pesticides, that are all potentially endocrine-disrupting,into different conformations of the hERalpha LBD. Three newly found quasi-stable structures of the hERalhpa LBD are examined along with three crystallographic conformations of the protein, either theapo structure or using a protein structure with a bound agonist or antagonist ligand. The possible interactions between the protein and the potentially EDCs are described. It is found that most suspected EDCs can bind in the steroid binding cavity, interacting with at least one of the two hydrophilic ends of the steroid binding site. DDE, DDT, and HPTE are predicted to bind most strongly to the hERalpha LBD. It is predicted that these compounds can interact with the three conformations of hERalpha LBD with comparable affinities.The metabolic hydroxylation of aromatic compounds is found to lead to an increase in the binding affinity of PCBs as well as DDT. Docking into the quasi-stable conformations of the hERalpha LBD leads to computed binding affinities similar to or better than those calculated for the three X-ray structures, revealing that the new structures may be of importance for assessing the function of the influence of EDCs on nuclear receptors.