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Updated: Jun 28, 2026
Development and Angiographic Use of the Rabbit VX2 Model for Liver Cancer
Published on: January 7, 2019
Comparison of hypoxia-inducible factor-1alpha expression before and after transcatheter arterial embolization in
Sumeet Virmani1, Thomas K Rhee, Robert K Ryu
1Department of Radiology, Northwestern University, 737 N Michigan Ave, Ste 1600, Chicago, IL 60611, USA.
Purpose:
To test the hypothesis that transcatheter arterial embolization (TAE) induces expression of hypoxia-inducible factor-1alpha (HIF-1alpha) within the same rabbit VX2 liver tumor.
Materials And Methods:
Seven VX2 tumors were grown in the livers of five New Zealand white rabbits. Ultrasonography-guided biopsy was performed before and 10 minutes after TAE in all tumors. Pre- and post-TAE tumor biopsy specimens along with post-TAE whole liver tumor sections were stained with HIF-1alpha antibody and analyzed for percentage of HIF-1alpha-positive nuclei by using a spectral unmixing system mounted on a high-powered microscope. Statistical data comparisons were performed with the Wilcoxon signed-rank test (alpha = 0.05).
Results:
TAE of liver tumors resulted in a statistically significant increase in the mean percentage of HIF-1alpha expression. The mean percentage of HIF-1alpha-positive stained nuclei increased from 23% +/- 3.5 in pre-TAE biopsy specimens to 41% +/- 8.7 in post-TAE biopsy specimens (P < .02). The increase was even more significant when the mean percentage of HIF-1alpha-positive stained nuclei from the same pre-TAE biopsy specimens was compared with sections from post-TAE whole tumor specimens (60% +/- 8.9, P < .02).
Conclusions:
The results of this study revealed that hypoxia caused by TAE of VX2 liver tumors activates HIF-1alpha, a transcription factor that in turn regulates other pro-angiogenic factors.
