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Related Concept Videos

Tuberculosis01:23

Tuberculosis

Tuberculosis (TB) remains a significant global health concern, primarily targeting the lungs and spreading through airborne transmission. Infection begins when aerosolized droplet nuclei, expelled by an individual with active TB, are inhaled by another person. These microscopic particles carry Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the causative agent of TB. Upon reaching the alveoli, the bacilli are engulfed by alveolar macrophages. However, due to their specialized lipid-rich cell wall, these pathogens...
Pulmonary Tuberculosis III01:31

Pulmonary Tuberculosis III

Tuberculosis (TB) is a contagious infection primarily affecting the lung parenchyma but which can also affect other body parts. TB can be classified based on disease development, presentation, and the affected anatomical site.
The first classification is based on the development of the disease, and it includes the following categories:
Pulmonary Tuberculosis I01:29

Pulmonary Tuberculosis I

Tuberculosis, often called TB, is a contagious illness primarily caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. It mainly affects the lung parenchyma but can also impact other body parts.
Causative Organism
The primary infectious agent causing tuberculosis is Mycobacterium tuberculosis, a slow-growing, acid-fast, aerobic rod that exhibits sensitivity to heat and ultraviolet light. Instances of Mycobacterium bovis and Mycobacterium avium contributing to the development of TB infection are rare.
Mode of...
Drugs for Treatment of Crohn's Disease in IBD Using Biologic Agents: Anti-TNF01:24

Drugs for Treatment of Crohn's Disease in IBD Using Biologic Agents: Anti-TNF

Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF), a proinflammatory cytokine, contributes significantly to the inflammation seen in Crohn's disease. It exists as soluble TNF and membrane-bound TNF, with actions mediated through TNF receptors (TNFR). TNFR activation leads to the release of proinflammatory cytokines, T-cell activation, collagen production, and leukocyte migration, all contributing to inflammation in Crohn's disease. Anti-TNF monoclonal antibodies, namely infliximab (Remicade), adalimumab (Humira),...
Pulmonary Tuberculosis II01:28

Pulmonary Tuberculosis II

Tuberculosis, or TB, is a bacterial infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. While its primary impact is on the lungs, leading to pulmonary tuberculosis, it can also affect various other organs, a condition referred to as extrapulmonary tuberculosis.
Here is a detailed explanation of its pathophysiology:
Transmission: The process begins when a person inhales droplet nuclei containing M. tuberculosis. These are typically released into the air when an individual with pulmonary or...
Pulmonary Tuberculosis V01:28

Pulmonary Tuberculosis V

Medical management of tuberculosis (TB) patients involves a comprehensive approach that includes diagnosis, treatment, and monitoring. The specific strategies can vary depending on the type of tuberculosis (latent or active), the patient's overall health status, and other considerations.
Latent tuberculosis infection occurs when TB bacteria are present in a person's body, but are not causing illness or symptoms. It is not contagious, and preventive treatment is crucial to avoid the progression...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 28, 2026

A 3D Human Lung Tissue Model for Functional Studies on Mycobacterium tuberculosis Infection
10:10

A 3D Human Lung Tissue Model for Functional Studies on Mycobacterium tuberculosis Infection

Published on: October 5, 2015

Tumour necrosis factor antagonists: structure, function, and tuberculosis risks.

Robert S Wallis1

  • 1PPD Inc, Washington, DC, USA. rswallis@gmail.com

The Lancet. Infectious Diseases
|October 17, 2008
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) antagonists carry infection risks, with TNF antibodies posing a higher tuberculosis risk than soluble TNF receptors due to structural and functional differences. Understanding these variations can improve patient management.

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Pharmacology
  • Infectious Diseases

Background:

  • Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) antagonists are widely used therapeutics.
  • Understanding infection risks associated with TNF antagonists has evolved since their introduction.
  • Recent studies highlight differential risks of tuberculosis (TB) between TNF antibody and soluble TNF receptor (sTNFR) therapies.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the relationship between the structural and functional characteristics of TNF blockers and their associated infection risks.
  • To explore how target specificity, stoichiometry, and binding kinetics influence the risk of infection, particularly tuberculosis.
  • To inform clinical strategies for TB prevention and management in patients receiving TNF blockers.

Main Methods:

  • Review of recent studies and existing literature on TNF antagonists and infection risks.
  • Analysis of structural and functional differences between TNF antibodies and soluble TNF receptors.
  • Examination of data on tuberculosis reactivation and incidence in patients treated with different TNF blockers.

Main Results:

  • TNF antibodies are associated with a higher risk of tuberculosis compared to soluble TNF receptors.
  • Differences in target specificity, stoichiometry, and binding kinetics are implicated in the varying infection risks.
  • Reactivation of latent tuberculosis is a significant concern with TNF antibody therapy.

Conclusions:

  • Structural and functional properties of TNF blockers significantly impact infection risk profiles.
  • Tailoring clinical strategies for TB prevention and management based on specific TNF blocker characteristics is crucial.
  • Further research into the mechanisms underlying differential infection risks can optimize patient safety.