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Related Concept Videos

Intracellular Movement of Viruses and Bacteria01:10

Intracellular Movement of Viruses and Bacteria

Intracellular bacteria and viruses often comprise a group of highly infectious pathogens that can cause several diseases. Bacterial pathogens include those belonging to the genus Rickettsia responsible for conditions such as rocky mountain spotted fever and the Mediterranean spotted fever; Chlamydia, a genus responsible for a sexually transmitted disease; Coxiella burnetii, an agent responsible for Q fever. Viral pathogens include vaccinia—a poxvirus, and herpes simplex virus—a virus that...
Viral Recombination00:57

Viral Recombination

Cells are sometimes infected by more than one virus at once. When two viruses disassemble to expose their genomes for replication in the same cell, similar regions of their genomes can pair together and exchange sequences in a process called recombination. Alternatively, viruses with segmented genomes can swap segments in a process called reassortment.
Immune Response Against Viral Pathogens01:29

Immune Response Against Viral Pathogens

The immune system's response to viral infections is a complex and coordinated process involving natural killer (NK) cells, T cell-mediated responses, and antibody-mediated responses.
NK Cells
NK cells are a crucial part of our innate immune system, acting as the first line of defense against viral infections. These cells can recognize and kill infected cells without prior exposure to the virus, effectively slowing down the spread of infection. Additionally, NK cells produce proinflammatory...
Human Virome01:26

Human Virome

The human body harbors a vast and diverse viral community known as the human virome. The virome includes bacteriophages that infect bacteria, and eukaryotic viruses that infect human cells. Transient dietary and environmental viruses also contribute to this dynamic ecosystem. Estimates suggest the human body may contain on the order of 10¹³ viral particles, though abundance varies widely by body site and detection method.Comprehensive characterization of the virome has become possible only with...
Viral Mutations00:36

Viral Mutations

A mutation is a change in the sequence of bases of DNA or RNA in a genome. Some mutations occur during replication of the genome due to errors made by the polymerase enzymes that replicate DNA or RNA. Unlike DNA polymerase, RNA polymerase is prone to errors because it is not capable of “proofreading” its work. Viruses with RNA-based genomes, like HIV, therefore accrue mutations faster than viruses with DNA-based genomes. Because mutation and recombination provide the raw material for adaptive...
Inhibitors Of Virion Release01:25

Inhibitors Of Virion Release

Viral replication and dissemination rely on efficient mechanisms for host cell entry, genome replication, assembly, and release. Influenza viruses, such as types A and B, are negative-sense single-stranded RNA viruses with a segmented genome, that depend on two critical surface glycoproteins to carry out these processes: hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA). HA initiates infection by binding to sialic acid residues on the surface of host epithelial cells, facilitating receptor-mediated...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 28, 2026

Generation of Multivirus-specific T Cells to Prevent/treat Viral Infections after Allogeneic Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplant
08:52

Generation of Multivirus-specific T Cells to Prevent/treat Viral Infections after Allogeneic Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplant

Published on: May 27, 2011

Avoiding the void: cell-to-cell spread of human viruses.

Quentin Sattentau1

  • 1The Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3RE, UK. Quentin.sattentau@path.ox.ac.uk

Nature Reviews. Microbiology
|October 17, 2008
PubMed
Summary

Many viruses spread directly between cells, bypassing extracellular diffusion. This cell-to-cell viral spread aids dissemination, immune evasion, and influences disease pathogenesis.

Area of Science:

  • Virology
  • Cell Biology
  • Immunology

Background:

  • Traditional understanding of viral infection focuses on extracellular virion binding, entry, and replication.
  • Pathogenic viruses like HIV-1, herpes simplex virus, and measles exhibit alternative infection routes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the diverse mechanisms of direct cell-to-cell viral transmission.
  • To explore the implications of cell-to-cell spread for viral dissemination and pathogenesis.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of viral cell-to-cell spread mechanisms.
  • Analysis of scientific articles on viral dissemination and pathogenesis.

Main Results:

  • Viruses utilize various strategies to move directly between cells.

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Last Updated: Jun 28, 2026

Generation of Multivirus-specific T Cells to Prevent/treat Viral Infections after Allogeneic Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplant
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Generation of Multivirus-specific T Cells to Prevent/treat Viral Infections after Allogeneic Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplant

Published on: May 27, 2011

Dissecting Host-virus Interaction in Lytic Replication of a Model Herpesvirus
11:28

Dissecting Host-virus Interaction in Lytic Replication of a Model Herpesvirus

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Two Methods of Heterokaryon Formation to Discover HCV Restriction Factors
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Two Methods of Heterokaryon Formation to Discover HCV Restriction Factors

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  • Cell-to-cell spread facilitates rapid viral dissemination.
  • This transmission route can contribute to immune evasion.
  • Cell-to-cell spread impacts viral disease development.

    • Conclusions:

    • Direct cell-to-cell transmission is a significant viral infection pathway.
    • Understanding these mechanisms is crucial for comprehending viral pathogenesis and developing interventions.