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Related Concept Videos

Maintenance of the ES Cell State01:14

Maintenance of the ES Cell State

The cells of the blastocyst inner cell mass only remain pluripotent for a short time. This state of pluripotency and self-renewal can be maintained in embryonic stem (ES) cell culture by adding specific chemicals or growth factors to ensure the cells can continue dividing and later differentiate into different cell types. In some cases, the cells are grown on a feeder layer of differentiated cells, which provides the growth factors and extracellular matrix components necessary for stem cell...
Embryonic Stem Cells00:58

Embryonic Stem Cells

Embryonic stem (ES) cells are undifferentiated pluripotent cells, meaning they can produce any cell type in the body. This gives them tremendous potential in science and medicine since they can generate specific cell types for use in research or to replace body cells lost due to damage or disease.
Embryonic Stem Cells00:57

Embryonic Stem Cells

Embryonic stem (ES) cells were first discovered in mice in 1981 by Martin Evans. In 1998, James Thomson identified a method to isolate embryonic stem cells from humans. Human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) are obtained from 3-5 day old embryos that remain unused after an in vitro fertilization procedure.
ES cells are grown in a culture medium where they can divide indefinitely, creating ES cell lines. Under certain conditions, ES cells can differentiate, either spontaneously into a variety of...
Combinatorial Gene Control02:33

Combinatorial Gene Control

Combinatorial gene control is the synergistic action of several transcriptional factors to regulate the expression of a single gene. The absence of one or more of these factors may lead to a significant difference in the level of gene expression or repression.
The expression of more than 30,000 genes is controlled by approximately 2000-3000 transcription factors. This is possible because a single transcription factor can recognize more than one regulatory sequence. The specificity in gene...
Regulation of Expression at Multiple Steps01:23

Regulation of Expression at Multiple Steps

The gene expression in cells is regulated at different stages: (i) transcription, (ii) RNA processing, (iii) RNA localization, and (iv) translation. Transcriptional regulation is mediated by regulatory proteins such as transcription factors, activators, or repressors—these control gene expression by initiating or inhibiting the transcription of genes. Once a precursor or pre-mRNA is produced, it undergoes post-transcriptional modification, including 5' capping, splicing, and the addition of a...
Master Transcription Regulators02:23

Master Transcription Regulators

Master transcription regulators are regulatory proteins that are predominantly responsible for regulating the expression of multiple genes. Often these genes work in concert to drive a  complex process. Activation of a master transcription regulator can lead to a cascade of transcriptional activation necessary for that outcome. These regulators can directly bind to the regulatory sequences of the various genes involved, or they can indirectly regulate transcription by binding to regulatory...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 28, 2026

Prediction and Validation of Gene Regulatory Elements Activated During Retinoic Acid Induced Embryonic Stem Cell Differentiation
09:07

Prediction and Validation of Gene Regulatory Elements Activated During Retinoic Acid Induced Embryonic Stem Cell Differentiation

Published on: June 21, 2016

Evolutionarily conserved transcriptional co-expression guiding embryonic stem cell differentiation.

Yu Sun1, Huai Li, Ying Liu

  • 1Bioinformatics Unit, Research Resources Branch, National Institute on Aging, NIH, Baltimore, MD, USA.

Plos One
|October 17, 2008
PubMed
Summary

Comparing human and mouse embryonic stem cells (ESCs) reveals conserved and divergent gene networks controlling pluripotency. This cross-species analysis identifies key regulators and provides a roadmap for understanding ESC development and differentiation.

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Epigenetic Regulation of Cardiac Differentiation of Embryonic Stem Cells and Tissues
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Last Updated: Jun 28, 2026

Prediction and Validation of Gene Regulatory Elements Activated During Retinoic Acid Induced Embryonic Stem Cell Differentiation
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Epigenetic Regulation of Cardiac Differentiation of Embryonic Stem Cells and Tissues
13:03

Epigenetic Regulation of Cardiac Differentiation of Embryonic Stem Cells and Tissues

Published on: June 3, 2016

Area of Science:

  • Genomics
  • Systems Biology
  • Developmental Biology

Background:

  • Understanding molecular mechanisms of embryonic stem cell (ESC) pluripotency is crucial for regenerative medicine and biological research.
  • Cross-species transcriptional co-expression analysis offers insights into fundamental and species-specific mechanisms governing ESC self-renewal and differentiation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate conserved and divergent transcriptional co-expression networks regulating pluripotency in human and mouse ESCs.
  • To identify key transcription factors and regulatory elements involved in maintaining ESC pluripotency and directing differentiation.
  • To explore the dynamic behavior of gene pathways and identify critical hub genes within global ESC co-expression networks.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized generalized singular value decomposition and comparative partition around medoids algorithms for analyzing transcriptional co-expression.
  • Examined ESCs from specific pathways (e.g., ACTIVIN/NODAL, JAK/STAT, WNT) to global networks.
  • Performed in silico transcriptional intervention to study pathway dynamics during ESC differentiation and pluripotency induction.

Main Results:

  • Identified evolutionarily conserved and divergent transcriptional co-expression patterns regulating pluripotency across species.
  • Pinpointed key transcription factors (e.g., NANOG, OCT4, SOX) and the FGF response element as critical regulators.
  • Discovered highly connected hub genes (e.g., OCT4, MYCN, JARID2) dominating global ESC co-expression networks, potentially dictating ESC fate.

Conclusions:

  • Evolutionary conservation across genomic, transcriptomic, and network levels effectively predicts molecular mechanisms controlling ESC development.
  • Generated novel hypotheses for in vitro validation regarding ESC pluripotency and differentiation.
  • Provided a systems-level understanding of ESC fate determination through gene network connectivity, offering a guide for future research.