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Related Concept Videos

Pulmonary Embolism II: Diagnostic Studies and Interprofessional Care01:29

Pulmonary Embolism II: Diagnostic Studies and Interprofessional Care

Diagnosing Pulmonary EmbolismDiagnosing pulmonary embolism (PE) involves clinical assessment and advanced imaging tests. The preferred diagnostic tool is the spiral (helical) CT scan or CT angiography (CTA), which uses intravenous contrast media to visualize the pulmonary vasculature and identify emboli.A ventilation-perfusion (V/Q) scan is an alternative for patients unable to receive contrast media. This scan includes both perfusion and ventilation scanning. Perfusion scanning involves...
Pulmonary Embolism I: Introduction01:19

Pulmonary Embolism I: Introduction

A blood clot, or thrombus, is a semi-solid mass composed of fibrin, platelets, and red blood cells. When it forms within a vessel, it can obstruct blood flow, known as thrombosis. If part of the clot detaches, it becomes an embolus that can travel and block distant vessels. When this occurs in the pulmonary arteries, it causes a condition known as pulmonary embolism (PE).Origin and ImpactMost often, the embolus originates from a thrombus in the deep veins of the lower limbs, a condition called...
Pulmonary Embolism I: Introduction01:29

Pulmonary Embolism I: Introduction

Pulmonary embolism (PE) occurs when a thrombus, fat or air embolus, amniotic fluid, or tumor tissue blocks one or more pulmonary arteries. These blockages originate in the venous system or the right side of the heart.EtiologyPE primarily arises from deep vein thrombosis (DVT) and other hypercoagulable states, such as inherited thrombophilias. Additional etiological factors include venous stasis, commonly seen in obesity, and endothelial injury from surgery and trauma. Less common causes include...
Pulmonary Embolism III: Nursing Management01:27

Pulmonary Embolism III: Nursing Management

A pulmonary embolism occurs when a thrombus, amniotic fluid, tumor tissue, fat, or air embolus blocks one or more pulmonary arteries. Effective nursing management and patient education are crucial for improving outcomes and preventing recurrence.Nursing management starts with obtaining a comprehensive patient history, particularly noting any history of deep vein thrombosis (DVT). Assess for clinical manifestations, including dyspnea, chest pain, crackles, heart murmurs, and signs of right-sided...
Esophageal Varices-II: Clinical Features and Management01:28

Esophageal Varices-II: Clinical Features and Management

Esophageal varices often manifest as gastrointestinal bleeding episodes, presenting symptoms like hematemesis (vomiting of blood), hematochezia (passing fresh blood via the rectum), and melena (black, tarry stools). Other signs can include weight loss, anorexia, abdominal discomfort, jaundice, pruritus, altered mental status, and muscle cramps.
In the initial assessment, a thorough review of the patient's medical history is vital to identify risk factors such as liver disease, alcohol abuse, or...
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Esophageal Perforation-II: Clinical Manifestations and Management

Esophageal perforations manifest in various clinical forms, influenced by factors such as the perforation's cause and location (cervical, intrathoracic, or intra-abdominal), the extent of contamination, and potential injury to adjacent mediastinal structures. The timing between the perforation occurrence and treatment initiation also affects the clinical presentation.
Clinical Manifestations:

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Updated: Jun 28, 2026

A Porcine Model of Acute Autologous Pulmonary Embolism
07:44

A Porcine Model of Acute Autologous Pulmonary Embolism

Published on: September 6, 2024

[Recurrent systemic paradoxical embolism: a clinical report].

Augusto Ministro1, Ana Evangelista, Angélica Damiã

  • 1Clinica Universitária de Cirurgia Vascular do Hospital de Santa Maria, Lisboa.

Revista Portuguesa De Cirurgia Cardio-Toracica E Vascular : Orgao Oficial Da Sociedade Portuguesa De Cirurgia Cardio-Toracica E Vascular
|October 17, 2008
PubMed
Summary

Paradoxical embolism, often due to a patent foramen ovale, can cause serious arterial clots. Percutaneous closure of the patent foramen ovale offers a treatment option for recurrent events.

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 28, 2026

A Porcine Model of Acute Autologous Pulmonary Embolism
07:44

A Porcine Model of Acute Autologous Pulmonary Embolism

Published on: September 6, 2024

Area of Science:

  • Cardiology
  • Vascular Medicine
  • Interventional Cardiology

Background:

  • Paradoxical embolism (EP) involves venous thrombi entering arterial circulation, typically via an intracardiac shunt like a patent foramen ovale (FOP).
  • FOP affects 25-35% of the population and can facilitate right-to-left shunting, especially during maneuvers like Valsalva or coughing, or with pulmonary hypertension.
  • EP is linked to severe outcomes including stroke, visceral infarction, and limb ischemia.

Observation:

  • A case of a 31-year-old male presented with multiple paradoxical thromboemboli affecting the kidney, spleen, small bowel, and brachial artery.
  • Transesophageal contrast echocardiography confirmed paradoxical embolism and revealed a patent foramen ovale with a right-to-left shunt.

Findings:

  • Successful percutaneous closure of the patent foramen ovale using an Amplatzer PFO occluder was performed.
  • The patient was subsequently managed with dual oral antiplatelet therapy (aspirin and clopidogrel).

Implications:

  • This case highlights the diagnostic and therapeutic considerations for paradoxical embolism and patent foramen ovale.
  • Current treatment strategies for recurrent EP include antiplatelet agents, anticoagulants, surgical closure, or percutaneous closure devices.
  • Further randomized clinical trials are essential to compare percutaneous closure devices with medical management for long-term efficacy and risk-benefit assessment.