Nanostructured materials for inhibition of bacterial adhesion in orthopedic implants: a minireview

Orthopedic implants may fail owing to different reasons: poor osseointegration at the tissue-implant interface, generation of wear debris, stress and strain imbalance between implant and surrounding tissues, and infections. To ensure success in orthopedics, implant materials must not evoke an undesirable inflammatory response, they must be habitable by bone-forming cells (favoring adhesion of osteoblasts), hinder formation of soft connective tissue (hindering adhesion of fibroblasts), and be anti-infective (discouraging bacterial adhesion). Recent studies have suggested that nanophase materials have a better efficacy as bone implants in favoring osseointegration compared to conventional orthopedic implant materials. This minireview discusses studies on nanophase materials as bone implants, focusing on the effect of these materials in inhibiting bacterial adhesion for the prevention of implant infections.