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Updated: Jun 28, 2026

Clinical Application of Phase Angle and BIVA Z-Score Analyses in Patients Admitted to an Emergency Department with Acute Heart Failure
Published on: June 30, 2023
International Federation of Clinical Chemistry (IFCC): Scientific Division, Committee on pH, Blood Gases and
P D Wimberley1, R W Burnett, A K Covington
1Department of Clinical Chemistry Herning Hospital Herning DK 7400 Denmark.
Abstract:
This document provides guidelines for the terminology, methodology, and for the interpretation of data obtained from the use of skin (transcutaneous) po(2) and pco(2) electrodes. The transcutaneous technique has found special application in newborn infants. The causes of analytical bias with respect to arterial blood gas values, and imprecision obtained with transcutaneous pco(2) electrodes, are reviewed. Electrode temperatures above 44 degrees C should not be used routinely, and, at a measuring temperature of 44 degrees C, the measuring site should be changed at least every 4 h to avoid skin burns.
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