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Spinal Nerves: Plexus I

Spinal Nerves: Plexus I

Nerve plexuses are networks of interlacing nerves that serve as communication hubs to distribute and organize nerve action across various body regions. The nerve plexuses are organized into the cervical plexus located in the neck region, brachial plexus in the shoulder area, lumbar plexus found in the lower back, sacral plexus situated in the pelvis, and coccygeal plexus located in the coccygeal region.
The Cervical Plexus
The cervical plexus, formed by the anterior rami of the first four...

Spinal Nerves: Plexus II

Spinal Nerves: Plexus II

The plexuses of the lower body include the lumbar, sacral, and coccygeal plexuses, which innervate the abdomen, pelvis, legs, and coccygeal region. These plexuses control the transmission of sensory information and coordinate motor functions of the lower body.
The Lumbar Plexus
The lumbar plexus is situated within the lumbar region of the back and is primarily formed by the first four lumbar spinal nerves (L1 to L4). This plexus extends its branches into several nerves, including the...

Secondary Spinal Cord Injury llI: Pathophysiology

Secondary Spinal Cord Injury llI: Pathophysiology

Early Ischemia and Ionic ImbalanceWithin minutes of spinal cord injury, a secondary cascade begins, progressing over hours to weeks. Vascular damage reduces blood flow, causing ischemia and mitochondrial dysfunction. ATP depletion leads to ion pump failure, membrane depolarization, sodium influx, potassium efflux, and water accumulation, resulting in cellular swelling. Increased intracellular calcium further disrupts mitochondria and accelerates cellular injury.Excitotoxicity and Neuronal...

Major Somatic Sensory Pathways

Major Somatic Sensory Pathways

Sensory impulses related to touch, pressure, vibration, and proprioception from various body parts, such as the limbs, trunk, neck, and posterior head, travel to the cerebral cortex through the posterior column-medial lemniscus pathway. The pathway’s name derives from the two white-matter tracts that convey the impulses: the spinal cord's posterior column and the brainstem's medial lemniscus. First-order sensory neurons extend their axons into the spinal cord, forming the posterior columns...

Somatosensation

Somatosensation

The somatosensory system relays sensory information from the skin, mucous membranes, limbs, and joints. Somatosensation is more familiarly known as the sense of touch. A typical somatosensory pathway includes three types of long neurons: primary, secondary, and tertiary. Primary neurons have cell bodies located near the spinal cord in groups of neurons called dorsal root ganglia. The sensory neurons of ganglia innervate designated areas of skin called dermatomes.

Spinal Cord: Cross-sectional Anatomy

Spinal Cord: Cross-sectional Anatomy

The cross-sectional anatomy of the spinal cord offers a detailed view of its complex structure and function within the central nervous system. At the core of the spinal cord lies the gray matter, characterized by its butterfly or "H"-shaped appearance in cross-section. This central region is enveloped by white matter, with the overall structure divided into symmetrical halves by the dorsal median sulcus and the ventral median fissure.
Gray Matter and its Components
Central to the gray matter is...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 28, 2026

A Mouse Model of Direct Anastomosis via the Prespinal Route for Crossing Nerve Transfer Surgery

A Mouse Model of Direct Anastomosis via the Prespinal Route for Crossing Nerve Transfer Surgery

Published on: October 19, 2021

Contralateral C7 transfer in adult plexopathies.

Julia K Terzis¹, Zinon T Kokkalis, Epaminondas Kostopoulos

¹Department of Surgery, Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Eastern Virginia Medical School, 700 Olney Road, LH 2055, Norfolk, VA 23501, USA. jktmd1@aol.com

|October 22, 2008

Summary

The selective contralateral C7 technique offers a safe and effective method for reconstructing brachial plexus injuries. This nerve transfer procedure successfully targets multiple muscles or nerve grafts for future transplantation.

More Related Videos

Structured Motor Rehabilitation After Selective Nerve Transfers

Structured Motor Rehabilitation After Selective Nerve Transfers

Published on: August 15, 2019

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 28, 2026

A Mouse Model of Direct Anastomosis via the Prespinal Route for Crossing Nerve Transfer Surgery

A Mouse Model of Direct Anastomosis via the Prespinal Route for Crossing Nerve Transfer Surgery

Published on: October 19, 2021

Structured Motor Rehabilitation After Selective Nerve Transfers

Structured Motor Rehabilitation After Selective Nerve Transfers

Published on: August 15, 2019

Area of Science:

Neurosurgery
Orthopedic Surgery
Microsurgery

Background:

Posttraumatic root avulsion brachial plexus injuries present significant reconstructive challenges.
Contralateral C7 nerve transfer is a potential surgical option for restoring function.

Purpose of the Study:

To evaluate the safety and efficacy of the selective contralateral C7 technique for brachial plexus reconstruction.
To report intraoperative findings, surgical techniques, and outcomes in patients undergoing this procedure.

Main Methods:

Retrospective review of 56 patients with posttraumatic brachial plexus root avulsion.
Surgical intervention involved selective contralateral C7 nerve transfer.
Detailed reporting of intraoperative findings, donor nerve preparation, and neurotization procedures.

Main Results:

The selective contralateral C7 technique was found to be a safe procedure.
Successful application for simultaneous reconstruction of multiple contralateral muscle targets.
Effective for neurotization of cross-chest nerve grafts for future free muscle transplantation.

Conclusions:

The selective contralateral C7 technique is a viable and safe surgical option.
This technique allows for versatile reconstruction in brachial plexus injuries.
It provides a foundation for future reconstructive possibilities, including free muscle transplantation.