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Related Concept Videos

Obesity01:24

Obesity

The Body Mass Index (BMI) is a numerical value derived from a person's weight and height, used to categorize individuals into weight ranges. It is calculated using the formula: weight in kilograms divided by height in meters squared. Obesity is a health condition characterized by excessive accumulation of adipose tissue that poses health risks, often diagnosed with a BMI ≥ 30. This excess fat storage occurs when surplus dietary calories are converted into triglycerides and stored in adipocytes...
Pathophysiology of Diabetes01:20

Pathophysiology of Diabetes

Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by hyperglycemia. The four categories of diabetes are type 1 diabetes, type 2 diabetes, other specific types of diabetes, and gestational diabetes.
Type 1 diabetes is characterized by autoimmune-mediated destruction of pancreatic β cells, with environmental factors potentially triggering this process in genetically susceptible individuals. Despite many not having a family history, certain genes increase susceptibility, suggesting a...
Genomic Imprinting and Inheritance02:30

Genomic Imprinting and Inheritance

Diploid organisms inherit genetic material through chromosomes from both parents. Copies of the same gene are known as alleles. In most cases, both alleles are simultaneously expressed and allow various cellular processes to function optimally. If one of the alleles is missing or mutated, the expression of the other allele can compensate; however, this is not true for all genes.
The expression of some genes depends on which parent passed the gene to the offspring, through a phenomenon known as...
Teratogenicity01:07

Teratogenicity

The ability of a drug to produce structural deformations and functional abnormalities in the developing embryo or the fetus is called teratogenicity, and the drug producing this effect is known as a teratogen. Teratogenic effects include stillbirth, miscarriage, intrauterine growth restriction, and neurocognitive delay. A teratogen may affect the embryo at different stages of development, which is important in determining the type and extent of the damage. During blastocyst formation, the early...
Parentral Nutrition: Centeral and Peripheral Parental Nutrition01:27

Parentral Nutrition: Centeral and Peripheral Parental Nutrition

Parenteral Nutrition (PN) delivers essential nutrients directly into the bloodstream, bypassing the digestive system. It is commonly used for individuals with severe digestive disorders or conditions that prevent normal nutrient absorption.
PN can be administered through two primary routes:
1. Central Parenteral Nutrition (CPN):
CPN involves delivering a high concentration of nutrients through a large vein. This is typically achieved using a Peripherally Inserted Central Catheter (PICC) or,...
Pharmacokinetics in Obese Patients: Drug Metabolism and Excretion01:20

Pharmacokinetics in Obese Patients: Drug Metabolism and Excretion

Drug metabolism, a critical process in the liver, involves two primary phases: Phase I reactions and Phase II conjugation. Obesity introduces significant alterations in this metabolic process, primarily due to fatty infiltration of the liver, leading to conditions such as nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). This condition can modify the activities of both Phase I and II enzymes, impacting how drugs are metabolized in obese patients.Phase I metabolism sees variable effects across...

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Concurrent Collection of Fetal Murine Brain and Serum to Assess Effects of Maternal Diet on Nutrition and Neurodevelopment in Neurofibromatosis Type 1
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Perinatal programming of obesity.

Rebecca Simmons1

  • 1Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital Philadelphia and University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA. rsimmons@mail.med.upenn.edu

Seminars in Perinatology
|October 22, 2008
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Maternal health during pregnancy, including diabetes and nutrition, impacts offspring obesity risk. Both high and low birth weight are linked to increased childhood and adult obesity rates.

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Area of Science:

  • Public Health
  • Epidemiology
  • Developmental Biology

Background:

  • Obesity prevalence is increasing globally.
  • Birth weight is a potential indicator of the intrauterine environment and its effect on long-term health.
  • Maternal conditions like diabetes during pregnancy are associated with increased offspring obesity.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review human and animal studies examining the relationship between fetal exposures and later obesity.
  • To explore how variations in birth weight correlate with obesity development throughout life.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of epidemiological and experimental studies.
  • Analysis of human and animal data on fetal development and subsequent obesity.

Main Results:

  • Studies show a direct correlation between birth weight and Body Mass Index (BMI) in childhood and adulthood.
  • Maternal diabetes during pregnancy is linked to higher rates of obesity in offspring.
  • Low birth weight is associated with increased central adiposity later in life.

Conclusions:

  • Both nutrient excess and deficiency during fetal development can predispose individuals to obesity.
  • Birth weight serves as a critical marker for predicting future obesity risk.
  • Understanding fetal influences is key to developing strategies for obesity prevention.