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Related Concept Videos

Indicators02:39

Indicators

Certain organic substances change color in dilute solution when the hydronium ion concentration reaches a particular value. For example, phenolphthalein is a colorless substance in any aqueous solution with a hydronium ion concentration greater than 5.0 × 10−9 M (pH < 8.3). In more basic solutions where the hydronium ion concentration is less than 5.0 × 10−9 M (pH > 8.3), it is red or pink. Substances such as phenolphthalein, which can be used to determine the pH of a solution, are called...
Qualitative Analysis03:46

Qualitative Analysis

For solutions containing mixtures of different cations, the identity of each cation can be determined by qualitative analysis. This technique involves a series of selective precipitations with different chemical reagents, each reaction producing a characteristic precipitate for a specific group of cations. Metal ions within a group are further separated by varying the pH, heating the mixture to redissolve a precipitate, or adding other reagents to form complex ions.
For instance, group IV...
Complexometric Titration: Overview00:39

Complexometric Titration: Overview

Complexometric titration involves the formation of a complex by reacting a metal ion with one or more ligands. A visual indicator often detects the end point of a complexometric titration. It is added to the metal solution before the titration, forming a stable metal–indicator complex and imparting color to the solution. As the titration approaches the equivalence point, the excess of the added ligand displaces the indicator from the metal–indicator complex, releasing the free indicator. The...
Skeleton and Calcium Homeostasis01:21

Skeleton and Calcium Homeostasis

Calcium is not only the most abundant mineral in bone but also the most abundant mineral in the human body. Calcium ions are needed for bone mineralization, tooth health, heart rate regulation and strength of contraction, blood coagulation, the contraction of smooth and skeletal muscle cells, and the regulation of nerve impulse conduction. The average calcium level in the blood is about 10 mg/dL. When the body cannot maintain this level, a person will experience hypo or hypercalcemia.
EDTA: Direct, Back-, and Displacement Titration01:30

EDTA: Direct, Back-, and Displacement Titration

The EDTA titration types for metal ion analysis include direct titration, back-titration, and replacement titration.
Direct titration involves buffering the metal ion solution to the desired pH and directly titrating with standard EDTA until the endpoint. The optimum pH ensures a large conditional formation constant of metal−EDTA and visibility of the free indicator color in the solution. In addition, auxiliary complexing reagents are used to prevent the precipitation of metal hydroxides and...
Calmodulin-dependent Signaling01:16

Calmodulin-dependent Signaling

Calmodulin (CaM) is a calcium-binding protein in eukaryotes that controls various calcium-regulated cellular processes. It has four calcium-binding sites that bind calcium to form the calcium-calmodulin ( Ca2+-CaM) complex. GPCR stimulation increases the calcium levels in the cells that bind to CaM and induces a conformational change.
The Ca2+-CaM complex does not have enzymatic activity by itself. Instead, the complex binds downstream target proteins, including membrane proteins or enzymes,...

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Live Calcium Imaging of Virus-Infected Human Intestinal Organoid Monolayers Using Genetically Encoded Calcium Indicators
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Live Calcium Imaging of Virus-Infected Human Intestinal Organoid Monolayers Using Genetically Encoded Calcium Indicators

Published on: January 19, 2024

Chemical calcium indicators.

R Madelaine Paredes1, Julie C Etzler, Lora Talley Watts

  • 1Department of Cellular and Structural Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, 7703 Floyd Curl Drive, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA.

Methods (San Diego, Calif.)
|October 22, 2008
PubMed
Summary

Fluorescent calcium (Ca2+) indicators have revolutionized cellular process research. This chapter details common chemical Ca2+ indicators, their properties, and applications for intracellular Ca2+ signaling.

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Published on: October 22, 2011

Area of Science:

  • Cell Biology
  • Biochemistry
  • Biophysics

Background:

  • Calcium (Ca2+) signaling is crucial for numerous cellular functions.
  • Fluorescent Ca2+ indicators have significantly advanced our understanding of Ca2+ signaling mechanisms.
  • Accurate measurement of intracellular Ca2+ is essential for studying cellular physiology.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review common chemical Ca2+ indicators used for intracellular Ca2+ signaling research.
  • To discuss the advantages, limitations, and optimal usage of various Ca2+ dyes.
  • To highlight recent advancements in in vivo Ca2+ measurements.

Main Methods:

  • Discussion of chemical Ca2+ indicators, including spectral qualities, dissociation constants, and loading methods.
  • Classification of indicators into single wavelength and ratiometric dyes.
  • Consideration of equipment and procedures for optimal Ca2+ imaging.

Main Results:

  • Chemical indicators enable Ca2+ detection across a wide concentration range (<50 nM to >50 microM).
  • High-affinity indicators are suitable for cytosolic Ca2+ quantification; lower-affinity indicators for subcellular compartments.
  • Both single wavelength and ratiometric indicators have distinct advantages and limitations for Ca2+ detection.

Conclusions:

  • Ratiometric indicators offer precise calibration and mitigate common issues like uneven loading and photobleaching.
  • Single wavelength indicators are bright and suitable for multi-fluorophore imaging.
  • Technological progress facilitates in vivo Ca2+ measurements, expanding research capabilities.