Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 28, 2026

A Novel Inhalation Mask System to Deliver High Concentrations of Nitric Oxide Gas in Spontaneously Breathing Subjects
05:46

A Novel Inhalation Mask System to Deliver High Concentrations of Nitric Oxide Gas in Spontaneously Breathing Subjects

Published on: May 4, 2021

Inhaled nitric oxide in the treatment of preterm infants

Stephanie S Miller1, William D Rhine

  • 1Department of Pediatrics, Lucile Packard Children's Hospital at Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States. ssmith97@stanford.edu

Early Human Development
|October 22, 2008
PubMed

Insights

Inhaled nitric oxide (iNO) shows success in term infants with respiratory failure but remains controversial for premature infants. This review examines iNO literature, recommendations, and future research for preterm neonates.

Area of Science:

  • Neonatal Medicine
  • Pediatric Pulmonology
  • Critical Care

Background:

  • Inhaled nitric oxide (iNO) is an established therapy for respiratory failure in term and near-term infants.
  • Its application in premature infants is less understood and debated.
  • Preterm infants present unique physiological challenges that may affect iNO efficacy and safety.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the current literature on the use of inhaled nitric oxide in premature infants.
  • To discuss the controversies and evidence surrounding iNO therapy in this population.
  • To outline current recommendations and identify future research needs for iNO in preterm neonates.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of studies on inhaled nitric oxide in premature infants.
  • Analysis of clinical trial data and observational studies.
  • Synthesis of expert opinions and guidelines.

Main Results:

  • Evidence for iNO efficacy in premature infants is limited and often conflicting.
  • Potential benefits include improved oxygenation and reduced need for extracorporeal membrane oxygenation.
  • Risks may include pulmonary hypertension, bleeding, and neurodevelopmental effects.

Conclusions:

  • The use of inhaled nitric oxide in premature infants requires careful consideration of risks and benefits.
  • Further high-quality research is needed to establish optimal dosing, timing, and long-term outcomes.
  • Individualized treatment decisions are crucial in managing respiratory failure in preterm neonates with iNO.

More Related Videos

Preoxygenation Techniques for Tracheal Intubation in Critically Ill Adults Utilizing Oxygen Mask and Noninvasive Ventilation07:15

Preoxygenation Techniques for Tracheal Intubation in Critically Ill Adults Utilizing Oxygen Mask and Noninvasive Ventilation

Published on: December 5, 2025

Intratracheal Instillation of Stem Cells in Term Neonatal Rats04:27

Intratracheal Instillation of Stem Cells in Term Neonatal Rats

Published on: May 4, 2020

Related Concept Videos

Treatment for Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension: Oxygen Therapy for Respiratory Failure01:16

Treatment for Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension: Oxygen Therapy for Respiratory Failure

Oxygen therapy has emerged as a significant tool in enhancing the quality of life for patients suffering from pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH). While this therapy has principally been studied on patients with significant hypoxemia, this therapeutic approach helps prevent potential organ damage and can be administered in the comfort of one's home.
Oxygen therapy is vital in increasing and maintaining blood oxygen levels in PAH patients. As a result, it aids in reducing fatigue, improving...
Nitric Oxide Signaling Pathway01:28

Nitric Oxide Signaling Pathway

Nitric oxide (NO), an inorganic gas, acts as a potent second messenger in most animal and plant tissues. NO diffuses out of the cells that produce it and enters the neighboring cells to generate a downstream response. NO synthase (NOS) catalyzes NO production by the deamination of the amino acid arginine. There are three isoforms of NOS. Endothelial cells have endothelial NOS (eNOS), nerve and muscle cells have neuronal NOS (nNOS), and macrophages produce inducible NOS (iNOS) upon exposure to...
Drug Delivery: Enteral Route01:18

Drug Delivery: Enteral Route

The enteral drug administration involves three primary routes: oral, sublingual, and buccal. Oral ingestion is the most prevalent, safe, economical, and convenient method for drug administration. However, it has certain drawbacks, including limited absorption due to the drug's low water solubility or poor membrane permeability, possible emesis from GI mucosa irritation, destruction of drugs by digestive enzymes or low gastric pH, and irregular absorption along with food or other drugs.
Drugs in...
Respiratory Assessment: Purpose and Indications01:19

Respiratory Assessment: Purpose and Indications

Respiratory assessment is a cornerstone of nursing assessments, crucial for the early detection of patient deterioration. This evaluation transcends routine procedures, representing a critical skill nurses must master to ensure optimal patient care.
Objectives and Importance:
The primary goal of respiratory assessment is to evaluate patients at early risk of clinical deterioration. Since respiratory distress often precedes other signs of declining health, breathing patterns and sounds become a...
Mechanical Ventilation III: Noninvasive Ventilation01:23

Mechanical Ventilation III: Noninvasive Ventilation

Noninvasive positive-pressure ventilation (NIPPV), continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP), and bilevel positive airway pressure (BiPAP) are essential methods in respiratory care. These ventilation techniques offer unique benefits for patients with various respiratory conditions, providing adequate support without requiring intubation. Let's explore how each method is crucial in improving patient outcomes and enhancing respiratory therapy.
Noninvasive Positive-Pressure Ventilation (NIPPV)