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Related Concept Videos

Double Resonance Techniques: Overview01:12

Double Resonance Techniques: Overview

Double resonance techniques in Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopy involve the simultaneous application of two different frequencies or radiofrequency pulses to manipulate and observe two distinct nuclear spins. One important application of double resonance is spin decoupling, which selectively suppresses coupling with one type of nucleus while observing the NMR signal from another nucleus, simplifying the spectrum and enhancing resolution.
Spin decoupling is usually achieved by...
NMR Spectrometers: Resolution and Error Correction01:14

NMR Spectrometers: Resolution and Error Correction

When magnetic nuclei in a sample achieve resonance and undergo relaxation, the signal detected in NMR is an approximately exponential free induction decay. Fourier transform of an exponential decay yields a Lorentzian peak in the frequency domain. Lorentzian peaks in an NMR spectrum are defined by their amplitude, full width at half maximum, and position, where the peak width is governed by the spin-spin relaxation time alone. In real experiments, however, the applied magnetic field is rendered...
NMR Spectrometers: Radiofrequency Pulses and Pulse Sequences01:17

NMR Spectrometers: Radiofrequency Pulses and Pulse Sequences

A pulse is a short burst of radio waves distributed over a range of frequencies that simultaneously excites all the nuclei in the sample. Upon passing a radio frequency pulse along the x-axis, the nuclei absorb energy corresponding to their Larmor frequencies and achieve resonance. This shifts the net magnetization vector from the z-axis toward the transverse plane. This angle of rotation of the magnetization vector, or the flip angle, is proportional to the duration and intensity of the pulse.
Two-Dimensional (2D) NMR: Overview01:12

Two-Dimensional (2D) NMR: Overview

The 1D NMR spectrum of large and complex molecules like natural products has complicated splitting patterns and overlapping signals, which can be easily interpreted using 2-dimensional (2D) NMR. Unlike 1D NMR, 2D NMR has two frequency axes that provide the coupling information between the nucleus A and nucleus B in a molecule. The process from which 2D spectra are obtained has four steps.
The first step is the preparation period, during which nucleus A is excited with a radiofrequency pulse.
¹H NMR: Interpreting Distorted and Overlapping Signals01:02

¹H NMR: Interpreting Distorted and Overlapping Signals

Spin systems where the difference in chemical shifts of the coupled nuclei is greater than ten times J are called first-order spin systems. These nuclei are weakly coupled, and their chemical shifts and coupling constant can generally be estimated from the well-separated signals in the spectrum.
As Δν decreases and the signals move closer, the doublets appear increasingly distorted. The intensities of the inner lines increase at the cost of those of the outer lines as the signals are slanted or...
¹³C NMR: ¹H–¹³C Decoupling01:04

¹³C NMR: ¹H–¹³C Decoupling

The probability of having two carbon-13 atoms next to each other is negligible because of the low natural abundance of carbon-13. Consequently, peak splitting due to carbon-carbon spin-spin coupling is not observed in spectra. However, protons up to three sigma bonds away split the carbon signal according to the n+1 rule, resulting in complicated spectra.
A broadband decoupling technique is used to simplify these complex, sometimes overlapping, signals. Broadband decoupling relies on a...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 28, 2026

In Situ Monitoring of Diffusion of Guest Molecules in Porous Media Using Electron Paramagnetic Resonance Imaging
06:34

In Situ Monitoring of Diffusion of Guest Molecules in Porous Media Using Electron Paramagnetic Resonance Imaging

Published on: September 2, 2016

Effective and accurate single-shot NMR diffusion experiments based on magnetization grating.

Kosma Szutkowski1, István Furó

  • 1Division of Physical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Royal Institute of Technology, Teknikringen 30/36, SE-10044 Stockholm, Sweden.

Journal of Magnetic Resonance (San Diego, Calif. : 1997)
|October 22, 2008
PubMed
Summary

This study introduces a modified magnetization encoding scheme, OUFIS, for single-shot diffusion MRI. The OUFIS method enhances sensitivity by enabling larger pulse areas, improving the efficiency of diffusion measurements.

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Measuring Interactions of Globular and Filamentous Proteins by Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy (NMR) and Microscale Thermophoresis (MST)
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Spin Saturation Transfer Difference NMR (SSTD NMR): A New Tool to Obtain Kinetic Parameters of Chemical Exchange Processes
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Spin Saturation Transfer Difference NMR (SSTD NMR): A New Tool to Obtain Kinetic Parameters of Chemical Exchange Processes

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Last Updated: Jun 28, 2026

In Situ Monitoring of Diffusion of Guest Molecules in Porous Media Using Electron Paramagnetic Resonance Imaging
06:34

In Situ Monitoring of Diffusion of Guest Molecules in Porous Media Using Electron Paramagnetic Resonance Imaging

Published on: September 2, 2016

Measuring Interactions of Globular and Filamentous Proteins by Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy (NMR) and Microscale Thermophoresis (MST)
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Measuring Interactions of Globular and Filamentous Proteins by Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy (NMR) and Microscale Thermophoresis (MST)

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Spin Saturation Transfer Difference NMR (SSTD NMR): A New Tool to Obtain Kinetic Parameters of Chemical Exchange Processes
11:44

Spin Saturation Transfer Difference NMR (SSTD NMR): A New Tool to Obtain Kinetic Parameters of Chemical Exchange Processes

Published on: November 12, 2016

Area of Science:

  • Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
  • Diffusion MRI
  • Pulse Sequence Design

Background:

  • Single-shot diffusion MRI methods using magnetization gratings often exhibit low sensitivity.
  • This limitation stems from small radiofrequency (rf) tip angles and inefficient use of equilibrium magnetization.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To propose and evaluate a modified OUFIS (Out-of-plane Fourier Transform Spectroscopy) scheme for single-shot diffusion experiments.
  • To enhance the sensitivity and efficiency of diffusion MRI by optimizing magnetization encoding.

Main Methods:

  • Theoretical and experimental comparison of the modified OUFIS scheme against established methods like one-phase and two-phase DANTE.
  • Utilizing a larger total pulse area within the OUFIS framework to encode magnetization into a frequency grating.
  • Investigating the impact of nonlinear effects on magnetization encoding.

Main Results:

  • The OUFIS-based experiment demonstrates superior performance compared to DANTE schemes.
  • The modified OUFIS allows for a significantly larger total pulse area, leading to more efficient magnetization encoding.
  • Successful single-shot measurement of multicomponent diffusion was achieved, showcasing the method's practical utility.

Conclusions:

  • The modified OUFIS scheme offers a significant improvement for single-shot diffusion MRI.
  • This method enhances sensitivity and efficiency by enabling greater use of initial magnetization.
  • The OUFIS approach provides a robust platform for advanced diffusion measurements, including multicomponent diffusion.