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Related Concept Videos

Drug Toxicity: Allergic Reactions01:30

Drug Toxicity: Allergic Reactions

Drug-related allergies are immune-mediated responses triggered by the administration of pharmacological agents. These hypersensitivity reactions are classified based on the immune mechanisms involved. The four primary types—Type I, II, III, and IV—are mediated by different immunological pathways and exhibit distinct clinical manifestations.Type I Hypersensitivity/ IgE-Mediated Reactions: Immunoglobulin E (IgE) immediately mediates Type I hypersensitivity reactions. Upon initial exposure to a...
Toxic Reactions: Overview01:26

Toxic Reactions: Overview

When toxic substances penetrate the human body, they disseminate to various tissues, undergoing metabolic changes. This process yields reactive metabolites that may covalently bind with specific target molecules, resulting in toxicity.
Toxicity falls into two primary categories: local and systemic.
Local toxicity appears at the exposure site, such as protein denaturation caused by caustic substances.
In contrast, systemic toxicity requires the toxic agent's absorption and distribution,...
Drug Toxicity: Dose-Dependent Reactions01:24

Drug Toxicity: Dose-Dependent Reactions

Drug toxicities can be stratified into pharmacological, pathological, or genotoxic based on their mechanisms. The incidence and severity of these toxicities generally increase with the drug's concentration in the body and exposure time.Pharmacological toxicity is evident when the therapeutic effects of drugs overshoot into adverse reactions in a predictable, dose-dependent manner. Central nervous system (CNS) depression from barbiturates is a classic example, with effects escalating from...
Skin Diseases and Disorders01:23

Skin Diseases and Disorders

Skin is the first line of defense and encounters a variety of microbes. Some pathogenic strains are often the cause of a broad range of infections of the skin and other body systems. These conditions can affect people of all ages and may have different causes, including genetic factors, infections, autoimmune reactions, environmental factors, and lifestyle choices.
Gram-positive Staphylococcus spp. and Streptococcus spp. are responsible for many of the most common skin infections. However, many...
Drug Toxicity: Overview01:00

Drug Toxicity: Overview

Drug toxicity quantifies the harm a compound causes to an organism, varying by dose and potentially impacting whole systems or specific organs like the liver. Toxic reactions may arise from venomous insect or spider bites, with effects ranging from mild symptoms to severe outcomes such as brain damage or death. Common forms of acute poisoning include ethanol intoxication and overdose of pain or fever medications, with substances like GHB and heroin being particularly lethal at doses close to...
Drug toxicity: Idiosyncratic Reactions01:16

Drug toxicity: Idiosyncratic Reactions

Idiosyncratic drug reactions represent abnormal chemical responses that vary significantly among individuals, ranging from extreme sensitivity to low doses to insensitivity to high doses. These reactions often occur due to the drug's covalent binding with serum proteins, forming a foreign hapten that triggers an immunotoxicological response. The variability in drug reactions has a strong pharmacogenetic foundation, with genetic differences crucial in how individuals metabolize drugs. For...

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Updated: Jun 28, 2026

A Standardized Procedure of Dressing Management for Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis
07:22

A Standardized Procedure of Dressing Management for Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis

Published on: March 14, 2025

[Cutaneous toxicities].

Kazuhiko Matsumoto1, Toshiaki Saida

  • 1Department of Dermatology, Shinshu University School of Medicine.

Gan to Kagaku Ryoho. Cancer & Chemotherapy
|October 22, 2008
PubMed
Summary

Skin toxicities from epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) inhibitors and multi-kinase inhibitors are common. These side effects, like acneiform eruption and hand-foot skin reactions, may indicate treatment effectiveness and predict survival.

Area of Science:

  • Oncology
  • Dermatology
  • Pharmacology

Background:

  • Targeted cancer therapies, including epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) inhibitors and multi-kinase inhibitors, are increasingly used.
  • These therapies can cause significant cutaneous toxicities, impacting patient quality of life and treatment adherence.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To describe the common cutaneous toxicities associated with EGFR inhibitors (cetuximab, gefitinib, erlotinib) and multi-kinase inhibitors (imatinib, sorafenib, sunitinib).
  • To explore the potential of these skin toxicities as surrogate markers for treatment efficacy and survival prediction.

Main Methods:

  • Review of literature on cutaneous side effects of specific EGFR and multi-kinase inhibitors.
  • Clinical description and incidence rates of observed skin toxicities.

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Chemotherapy-induced Vascular Toxicity - Real-time In vivo Imaging of Vessel Impairment
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Chemotherapy-induced Vascular Toxicity - Real-time In vivo Imaging of Vessel Impairment

Published on: January 7, 2015

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Last Updated: Jun 28, 2026

A Standardized Procedure of Dressing Management for Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis
07:22

A Standardized Procedure of Dressing Management for Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis

Published on: March 14, 2025

Chemotherapy-induced Vascular Toxicity - Real-time In vivo Imaging of Vessel Impairment
04:48

Chemotherapy-induced Vascular Toxicity - Real-time In vivo Imaging of Vessel Impairment

Published on: January 7, 2015

Main Results:

  • EGFR inhibitors commonly cause acneiform eruption (>50%), paronychia (10-15%), and xerosis (35%).
  • Multi-kinase inhibitors are associated with pigmentary disorders, periorbital edema (imatinib), and hand-foot skin reactions (sorafenib, sunitinib).
  • Subungual splinter hemorrhages are reported in 60% (sorafenib) and 30% (sunitinib) of patients.

Conclusions:

  • Cutaneous toxicities are frequent and characteristic of EGFR and multi-kinase inhibitor therapies.
  • The presence and severity of these skin toxicities may serve as predictive biomarkers for treatment response and patient survival.