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Newman Projections

Newman Projections

Different notations are used to represent the three-dimensional structure of molecules on two-dimensional surfaces. One of the most commonly used representations is the dash-wedge formula. The dashed wedges, solid wedges, and the plane lines indicate the groups situated behind the plane, coming out of the plane, and in the plane, respectively.
The organic molecules rotate across the single bonds leading to numerous temporary three-dimensional structures of varying energy known as conformers.

Unsymmetric Bending

Unsymmetric Bending

Unsymmetrical bending occurs when the bending moment applied to a structural member does not align with its principal axis. This misalignment leads to complex stress distributions and deflection patterns that differ from those in symmetrical bending, and are essential for designing structures to withstand different loading conditions. In unsymmetrical bending, the neutral axis—where stress is zero—does not necessarily align with the geometric axes of the cross-section. The orientation of the...

Conformations of Cyclohexane

Conformations of Cyclohexane

Cyclohexane does not exist in a planar form due to the high angle and torsional strain it would experience in the planar structure. Instead, it adopts non-planar chair and boat conformations.
The chair form is the most stable and derives its name from its resemblance to the “easy chair.” In the chair conformation, two carbon atoms are arranged out-of-plane — one above and one below, minimizing the torsional strain. In the chair form, the bond angle is very close to the ideal tetrahedral value,...

Chair Conformation of Cyclohexane

Chair Conformation of Cyclohexane

The chair conformation is the most stable form of cyclohexane due to the absence of angle and torsional strain. The absence of angle strain is a result of cyclohexane’s bond angle being very close to the ideal tetrahedral bond angle of 109.5° in its chair conformer. Similarly, the torsional strain is also absent owing to the perfectly staggered arrangement of bonds.
The hydrogen atoms linked to carbons are arranged in two different axial and equatorial orientations to achieve this staggered...

Crystal Field Theory - Tetrahedral and Square Planar Complexes

Crystal Field Theory - Tetrahedral and Square Planar Complexes

Tetrahedral Complexes
Crystal field theory (CFT) is applicable to molecules in geometries other than octahedral. In octahedral complexes, the lobes of the dx2−y2 and dz2 orbitals point directly at the ligands. For tetrahedral complexes, the d orbitals remain in place, but with only four ligands located between the axes. None of the orbitals points directly at the tetrahedral ligands. However, the dx2−y2 and dz2 orbitals (along the Cartesian axes) overlap with the ligands less than the dxy,...

Radicals: Electronic Structure and Geometry

Radicals: Electronic Structure and Geometry

This lesson delves into the geometry of a radical, which is influenced by the electronic structure of the molecule. The principle is similar to that of a lone pair, where the unpaired electron influences the geometry at the radical center.
Accordingly, the structure of a trivalent radical lies between the geometries of carbocations and carbanions. An sp2-hybridized carbocation is trigonal planar, while an sp3-hybridized carbanion is trigonal pyramidal. Here, the difference in geometry is...

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Updated: Jun 28, 2026

Fabricating van der Waals Heterostructures with Precise Rotational Alignment

Fabricating van der Waals Heterostructures with Precise Rotational Alignment

Published on: July 5, 2019

Rubrenes: planar and twisted.

Abhimanyu S Paraskar¹, A Ravikumar Reddy, Asit Patra

¹Department of Organic Chemistry, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel.

Chemistry (Weinheim an Der Bergstrasse, Germany)

|October 22, 2008

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Rubrene

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Area of Science:

Organic electronics
Materials science

Background:

Rubrene exhibits high charge carrier mobility in single crystals.
However, rubrene shows poor performance in vacuum-sublimed or solution-processed organic thin-film transistors.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the structural and electronic properties of rubrene and its analogues.
To understand the reasons behind the discrepancy in rubrene's mobility in different forms.
To explore potential applications of rubrene derivatives in organic electronics.

Main Methods:

Synthesis of rubrene analogues with electron-donating and electron-withdrawing substituents.
Experimental characterization of molecular structure and thin-film properties.
Computational calculations to determine molecular planarity and electronic behavior.

Main Results:

Most synthesized rubrene analogues are non-planar in the solid state.
Parent rubrene is also found to be non-planar in solution and thin films.
This non-planarity explains the low field-effect mobility in thin films compared to single crystals.

Conclusions:

Molecular non-planarity is the key factor limiting rubrene's performance in organic thin-film transistors.
Substituted rubrenes demonstrate improved solubility and film-forming properties.
Rubrene derivatives are promising candidates for organic light-emitting diode (OLED) applications.