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Related Concept Videos

Colors and Magnetism03:02

Colors and Magnetism

Color in Coordination Complexes
When atoms or molecules absorb light at the proper frequency, their electrons are excited to higher-energy orbitals. For many main group atoms and molecules, the absorbed photons are in the ultraviolet range of the electromagnetic spectrum, which cannot be detected by the human eye. For coordination compounds, the energy difference between the d orbitals often allows photons in the visible range to be absorbed and emitted, which is seen as colors by the human eye.
Metallic Solids02:37

Metallic Solids

Metallic solids such as crystals of copper, aluminum, and iron are formed by metal atoms. The structure of metallic crystals is often described as a uniform distribution of atomic nuclei within a “sea” of delocalized electrons. The atoms within such a metallic solid are held together by a unique force known as metallic bonding that gives rise to many useful and varied bulk properties.
All metallic solids exhibit high thermal and electrical conductivity, metallic luster, and malleability. Many...
Bonding in Metals02:32

Bonding in Metals

Metallic bonds are formed between two metal atoms. A simplified model to describe metallic bonding has been developed by Paul Drüde called the “Electron Sea Model”.
Theory of Metallic Conduction01:17

Theory of Metallic Conduction

The conduction of free electrons inside a conductor is best described by quantum mechanics. However, a classical model makes predictions close to the results of quantum mechanics. It is called the theory of metallic conduction.
In this theory, Newton's second law of motion is used to determine the acceleration of an electron in the presence of an applied electric field. Then, its velocity is expressed via this acceleration.
An electron moves through the crystal, containing positive ions,...
Valence Bond Theory02:42

Valence Bond Theory

Coordination compounds and complexes exhibit different colors, geometries, and magnetic behavior, depending on the metal atom/ion and ligands from which they are composed. In an attempt to explain the bonding and structure of coordination complexes, Linus Pauling proposed the valence bond theory, or VBT, using the concepts of hybridization and the overlapping of the atomic orbitals. According to VBT, the central metal atom or ion (Lewis acid) hybridizes to provide empty orbitals of suitable...
Crystal Field Theory - Octahedral Complexes02:58

Crystal Field Theory - Octahedral Complexes

Crystal Field Theory
To explain the observed behavior of transition metal complexes (such as colors), a model involving electrostatic interactions between the electrons from the ligands and the electrons in the unhybridized d orbitals of the central metal atom has been developed. This electrostatic model is crystal field theory (CFT). It helps to understand, interpret, and predict the colors, magnetic behavior, and some structures of coordination compounds of transition metals.
CFT focuses on...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 28, 2026

Measuring Spatially- and Directionally-varying Light Scattering from Biological Material
11:57

Measuring Spatially- and Directionally-varying Light Scattering from Biological Material

Published on: May 20, 2013

Linear basis for metallic and iridescent colors.

José M Medina1

  • 1Center for Physics, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal. jmanuel@fisica.uminho.pt

Applied Optics
|October 22, 2008
PubMed
Summary

Principal-component analysis reveals that goniochromism requires seven to eight components for a complete spectral variance description. Viewing angle impacts higher-order spectral functions, crucial for understanding iridescent pigment properties.

Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Optics
  • Spectroscopy

Background:

  • Goniochromism describes color changes with viewing angle, common in metallic, nacreous, and iridescent materials.
  • Understanding the spectral correlation structure is key to characterizing these complex optical effects.
  • Principal-component analysis (PCA) is a statistical method for reducing data dimensionality.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To analyze the correlation structure of reflectance spectra in goniochromism using PCA.
  • To determine the number of principal components needed to capture spectral variance.
  • To investigate the influence of viewing angle on spectral characteristics.

Main Methods:

  • Collection of reflectance spectra from synthetic samples exhibiting metallic, nacreous, and iridescent properties.

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  • Application of principal-component analysis to the spectral data.
  • Separate analysis of data from different viewing angles.

    • Main Results:

    • Three principal components account for 99% of the spectral variance.
    • Seven to eight principal components are required to explain 99.99% of the variance.
    • Viewing angle significantly affects higher-order principal components, while the first three remain largely unchanged.

    Conclusions:

    • The spectral complexity of goniochromism necessitates a higher number of principal components than initially suggested.
    • Angle-dependent spectral variations are linked to optical interference effects.
    • These findings have implications for the accurate identification and characterization of iridescent pigments.