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Related Concept Videos

Epistaxis01:30

Epistaxis

Epistaxis, or nosebleeds, occurs when small, swollen blood vessels in the nasal mucous membrane rupture. Typically, the anterior septum is the primary site of occurrence.
Etiology
Possible causes of this condition include high blood pressure, trauma, low humidity, upper respiratory tract infections, allergies, foreign bodies, nasal inhalation of corticosteroids or illicit drugs, excessive use of decongestant nasal sprays, facial or nasal surgery, anatomic malformation, tumors, or systemic...
Endoscopic Studies II: Thoracocentesis01:26

Endoscopic Studies II: Thoracocentesis

Thoracentesis(Thoracocentesis), commonly known as pleural tap, is a medical procedure where a 22 gauge needle is inserted into the pleural space, the area between the lung and chest wall. This procedure is commonly performed to diagnose or treat various respiratory disorders.
Description
Excess pleural fluid or air may accumulate in some respiratory disorders in the thoracic cavity. To treat pleural effusion, a physician conducts thoracentesis by carefully piercing the chest wall and entering...
Suctioning the Nasopharyngeal Airway01:29

Suctioning the Nasopharyngeal Airway

Nasopharyngeal suctioning is a procedure to remove secretions from the upper part of the respiratory tract that the patient cannot clear independently. It helps maintain airway patency and prevents complications such as aspiration pneumonia.
Equipment Required
Clinical Applications of Epidermal Stem Cells01:19

Clinical Applications of Epidermal Stem Cells

Epidermal stem cells (EpiSCs) are mainly located at the basal layer of the epidermis. These cells repair minor injuries of the skin and replace dead skin cells. However, EpiSCs’ cannot heal severe wounds such as major burns or those from diabetes or hereditary disorders. In such cases, culturing the epidermal stem cells from the patient is possible and has yielded successful treatment options, such as laboratory-grown skin grafts. These grafts are synthesized using a patient’s own EpiSCs...
Extrinsic and Intrinsic Pathways of Hemostasis01:20

Extrinsic and Intrinsic Pathways of Hemostasis

Blood clotting or coagulation involves extrinsic and intrinsic pathways, which ultimately merge into the common pathway, forming a fibrin clot.
The Extrinsic Pathway
The extrinsic pathway of coagulation is typically initiated by tissue damage that exposes blood to tissue factor (TF), a protein released by the damaged tissue cells outside the blood vessels—this interaction with TF triggers biochemical reactions involving specific clotting factors. The key player here is Factor VII, which forms a...
Formation of the Platelet Plug01:22

Formation of the Platelet Plug

The platelet phase, the second stage of hemostasis, commences around 15-20 seconds after an injury. It follows and overlaps with the vascular phase, during which blood vessels constrict to minimize blood loss.
As the injured blood vessel contracts, endothelial cells undergo contraction, revealing collagen fibers in the basement membrane and underlying connective tissue. Furthermore, the plasma membrane of endothelial cells becomes adhesive, preparing the site for platelet adhesion. Platelets...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 28, 2026

Surgical Correction for Pediatric Epiblepharon and Trichiasis
03:59

Surgical Correction for Pediatric Epiblepharon and Trichiasis

Published on: July 8, 2025

[Current aspects in epistaxis].

B J Folz1, M Kanne, J A Werner

  • 1Klinik für Hals-, Nasen- und Ohrenheilkunde, Karl Hansen Klinik, Antoniusstrasse 19, 33175 Bad Lippspringe, Deutschland. b.j.folz@medizinisches-zentrum.de

HNO
|October 22, 2008
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Epistaxis management guidelines are debated, with limited high-quality evidence. Routine coagulation tests are only needed for suspected bleeding disorders, while nasal creams and targeted cauterization are effective treatments for nosebleeds.

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Last Updated: Jun 28, 2026

Surgical Correction for Pediatric Epiblepharon and Trichiasis
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Published on: July 8, 2025

Endoscopic Septoplasty with Limited Two-line Resection: Minimally Invasive Surgery for Septal Deviation
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Published on: June 20, 2018

Area of Science:

  • Otolaryngology
  • Hematology

Context:

  • Epistaxis (nosebleeds) management lacks high-quality evidence.
  • Current literature presents controversies regarding diagnostic and therapeutic approaches.

Purpose:

  • To review and synthesize current literature on epistaxis management.
  • To identify areas of controversy and consensus in epistaxis treatment.

Summary:

  • Routine coagulation tests are debated; recommended only with clinical suspicion of a bleeding disorder.
  • Local cooling efficacy is controversial; nasal creams and decongestants are useful for uncomplicated cases.
  • Targeted cauterization, nasal packing, and managing intractable cases require diverse strategies. Anticoagulant therapy and hereditary syndromes present unique challenges.

Impact:

  • Highlights the need for high-quality research to establish evidence-based epistaxis guidelines.
  • Informs clinical practice by clarifying the role of diagnostic tests and therapeutic interventions for nosebleeds.