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Related Concept Videos

Hormones Regulating Blood Glucose01:16

Hormones Regulating Blood Glucose

Insulin is released by beta cells of the pancreas when blood glucose levels are high. It facilitates glucose absorption and utilization in insulin-dependent cells with insulin receptors on their plasma membranes. Insulin promotes glucose uptake by increasing the number of glucose transport proteins in the cell membrane, allowing glucose to enter the cell. As a result, glucose utilization and ATP production are enhanced.
In addition to accelerating glucose uptake and utilization, insulin has...
Glucagon-like Receptor Agonists01:24

Glucagon-like Receptor Agonists

Incretins include glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP), which stimulate insulin secretion post-meals. In type 2 diabetes, GIP's efficacy is reduced, making GLP-1 a viable drug target. GIP originates from preproGIP.
GLP-1, when administered in high doses intravenously, triggers insulin secretion, inhibits glucagon release, slows gastric emptying, reduces food intake, and restores normal insulin secretion. However, its rapid inactivation by the...
Glucose Homeostasis: Pancreatic Islets and Insulin Secretion01:27

Glucose Homeostasis: Pancreatic Islets and Insulin Secretion

The pancreatic islets comprising only 1%-2% of the volume are highly vascularized and innervated mini-organs. They contain five endocrine cell types, including β cells that secrete insulin, which is synthesized as a single polypeptide chain, preproinsulin, processed to proinsulin, and finally to insulin and C-peptide. This process is complex and regulated, involving the Golgi complex, the endoplasmic reticulum, and the secretory granules of the β cell.
Insulin and C-peptide are co-secreted in...
Hypoglycemia and Glucagon01:15

Hypoglycemia and Glucagon

Without prolonged fasting, healthy individuals maintain blood glucose levels above 3.5 mM due to a well-adapted neuroendocrine counterregulatory system that effectively prevents acute hypoglycemia, a potentially life-threatening condition. The primary clinical scenarios for hypoglycemia encompass diabetes treatment, inappropriate production of endogenous insulin or insulin-like substances by tumors, and the use of glucose-lowering agents in non-diabetic individuals. Notably, hypoglycemia in the...
Cells and Secretions of the Pancreas01:16

Cells and Secretions of the Pancreas

The pancreas, a vital organ within the abdominal cavity, plays dual roles in the digestive and endocrine systems, collaborating with exocrine and endocrine cells to maintain optimal digestion and blood sugar levels.
Exocrine function is carried out by acinar cells, organized into clusters known as acini. These cells contribute to digestion by releasing substantial quantities of enzyme-rich, alkaline digestive juices.
Concurrently, the dispersed clusters of endocrine cells throughout the...
Insulin Secretory Vesicles01:05

Insulin Secretory Vesicles

Insulin secretory vesicles release insulin to stimulate blood glucose uptake and regulate carbohydrate metabolism. When the blood glucose levels increase, glucose enters the pancreatic β-islet cells through glucose transporters. Once inside, glucose is metabolized through glycolysis, the citric acid cycle, and the electron transport chain, producing ATP. This increase in ATP concentration closes ATP-sensitive potassium channels, leading to depolarization of the membrane and the opening of...

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Human Pseudoislet System for Synchronous Assessment of Fluorescent Biosensor Dynamics and Hormone Secretory Profiles
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The avian proglucagon system.

Mark P Richards1, John P McMurtry

  • 1United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Animal and Natural Resources Institute, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Beltsville, MD 20705-2350, USA. Mark.Richards@ars.usda.gov

General and Comparative Endocrinology
|October 22, 2008
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This review summarizes the avian proglucagon system, crucial for glycemic control and energy balance. It details proglucagon, its derived hormones (GLP-1, GLP-2), and receptors, highlighting knowledge gaps in avian species.

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Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Comparative Physiology
  • Molecular Biology

Background:

  • The proglucagon system involves the precursor protein proglucagon, which yields glucagon and glucagon-like peptides (GLP-1, GLP-2).
  • G-protein-coupled receptors mediate the physiological actions of glucagon, GLP-1, and GLP-2.
  • Post-translational processing of proglucagon and its derived peptides is critical for regulating system activity.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To consolidate current knowledge of the avian proglucagon system.
  • To provide background for future research on avian hormonal regulation.
  • To explore the roles of the proglucagon system in avian glycemic control and energy balance.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of existing studies on the proglucagon system in birds.
  • Focus on components: proglucagon, glucagon, GLP-1, GLP-2, and their receptors.
  • Analysis of post-translational processing mechanisms.

Main Results:

  • Limited information exists on the avian proglucagon system, with most data from chickens.
  • Key components and their general functions are identified.
  • The importance of this system for metabolism, gut function, and appetite is recognized.

Conclusions:

  • Further research is needed to fully understand the proglucagon system in diverse avian species.
  • This review serves as a foundation for future investigations into avian endocrinology.
  • Elucidating the avian proglucagon system is vital for understanding glycemic control and energy homeostasis.