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Related Concept Videos

Olfaction01:25

Olfaction

The sense of smell is achieved through the activities of the olfactory system. It starts when an airborne odorant enters the nasal cavity and reaches olfactory epithelium (OE). The OE is protected by a thin layer of mucus, which also serves the purpose of dissolving more complex compounds into simpler chemical odorants. The size of the OE and the density of sensory neurons varies among species; in humans, the OE is only about 9-10 cm2.
The olfactory receptors are embedded in the cilia of the...
Alzheimer Disease l: Introduction01:29

Alzheimer Disease l: Introduction

Alzheimer disease is a chronic, progressive, and irreversible neurodegenerative disorder and the most common cause of dementia in older adults. It leads to gradual neuronal loss, causing cognitive decline, behavioral changes, and loss of functional independence.Risk Factors and EtiologyThe disease is multifactorial. Age is the strongest risk factor, with prevalence doubling every 5 years after age 65. Genetic factors include mutations in genes such as APP, PSEN1, and PSEN2, which are associated...
Dementia l: Introduction01:22

Dementia l: Introduction

Dementia is an acquired, progressive syndrome characterized by a decline in multiple cognitive domains severe enough to impair daily functioning and reduce independence. Although memory loss is a central feature, the diagnosis requires additional deficits involving language, executive function, visuospatial skills, judgment, calculation, or abstract reasoning. These cognitive impairments reflect underlying neurodegenerative or vascular processes that gradually disrupt neuronal networks...
Dementia01:30

Dementia

Dementia is a collective term for cognitive disorders primarily affecting memory, thinking, and reasoning. It is not a specific disease but a syndrome, with Alzheimer's disease being the most common cause, accounting for approximately 60-80% of cases. Other types include vascular dementia, Lewy body dementia, and frontotemporal dementia. Dementia affects millions worldwide, particularly older adults, though it is not a normal part of aging.
The progression of dementia is generally gradual.
Alzheimer's Disease: Overview01:26

Alzheimer's Disease: Overview

Alzheimer's Disease (AD) is a continually advancing neurodegenerative disorder, distinguished by escalating memory loss, cognitive dysfunction, and dementia. The disease unfolds in three stages: preclinical, mild cognitive impairment (MCI), and dementia. Its onset is insidious, and the progression gradual, with the cause not well explained by other disorders.
The clinical diagnosis of AD hinges on the presence of memory and other cognitive impairments. Biomarkers, such as changes in Aβ and tau...
Olfactory Receptors: Location and Structure01:03

Olfactory Receptors: Location and Structure

The process of olfaction, also known as the sense of smell, is a sophisticated chemical response system. The specialized sensory neurons that facilitate this process, known as olfactory receptor neurons, are situated in an upper segment of the nasal cavity, known as the olfactory epithelium. Olfactory sensory neurons are bipolar, with their dendrites extending from the epithelium's apex into the mucus that lines the nasal cavity. Airborne molecules, when inhaled, traverse the olfactory...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 28, 2026

Olfactory Context Dependent Memory: Direct Presentation of Odorants
04:47

Olfactory Context Dependent Memory: Direct Presentation of Odorants

Published on: September 18, 2018

Odor identification in mild cognitive impairment subtypes.

Holly James Westervelt1, Jared M Bruce, William G Coon

  • 1Rhode Island Hospital, Department of Psychiatry, Providence, RI 02903, USA. hwestervelt@lifespan.org

Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology
|October 22, 2008
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

The Brief Smell Identification Test (BSIT) showed modest differences in odor identification for mild cognitive impairment (MCI) subtypes compared to healthy controls and Alzheimer's disease patients.

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Published on: October 13, 2016

Area of Science:

  • Neurology
  • Gerontology
  • Olfactory Function

Background:

  • Mild cognitive impairment (MCI) is a transitional stage between normal aging and dementia.
  • Early detection of MCI is crucial for timely intervention and management.
  • Olfactory dysfunction is increasingly recognized as a potential early biomarker for neurodegenerative diseases.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the efficacy of the Brief Smell Identification Test (BSIT) in differentiating subtypes of mild cognitive impairment (MCI).
  • To compare olfactory identification performance across MCI subtypes, Alzheimer's disease (AD), and healthy elderly controls.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized the Brief Smell Identification Test (BSIT) to assess odor identification.
  • Included participants with amnestic MCI, amnestic-plus MCI, MCI other, Alzheimer's disease (AD), and healthy elderly controls.
  • Compared BSIT scores across these participant groups.

Main Results:

  • Participants with MCI performed worse on the BSIT than healthy controls but better than those with AD.
  • No significant differences were found among the MCI subtypes.
  • The observed differences between MCI participants and controls were modest.

Conclusions:

  • The BSIT demonstrated some ability to distinguish MCI from AD and healthy aging, but with limited magnitude.
  • The utility of the BSIT for early MCI detection and differential diagnosis may be limited.
  • Further research is needed to explore more sensitive olfactory tests for early neurodegenerative disease detection.