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Related Concept Videos

Nose and Nasal Cavity01:24

Nose and Nasal Cavity

The nose is composed of an observable exterior segment (external nose) and an internal segment within the skull known as the nasal cavity (internal nose). The external nose, visible on the face, consists of a framework of bone and hyaline cartilage enveloped in skin and muscle and lined with a mucous membrane. This structure is supported by the frontal bone, nasal bones, and maxillary bone and is supplemented by a cartilaginous framework comprising the septal nasal cartilage, lateral nasal...
Respiratory Syncytial Virus Disease01:29

Respiratory Syncytial Virus Disease

Human respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a widespread pathogen that primarily targets infants and young children but also poses a serious health risk to elderly and immunocompromised individuals. Belonging to the Pneumoviridae family, RSV is a negative-sense, single-stranded RNA virus within the Pneumovirus genus. Its global health burden is significant, with millions of cases annually resulting in hospitalizations and mortality, particularly in resource-limited settings. Although most...
Vaccines01:21

Vaccines

Vaccines are among the most effective tools in preventive medicine, designed to prepare the immune system to recognize and combat infectious agents. By introducing antigens—substances that the immune system identifies as foreign—vaccines stimulate an adaptive immune response that leads to immunological memory. This immunological memory enables the body to mount a faster and more effective response upon future exposures to the actual pathogen.Vaccines can be categorized based on the type of...
Upper Respiratory Drugs: Decongestants01:27

Upper Respiratory Drugs: Decongestants

Decongestants are a class of medications used primarily to alleviate nasal congestion, a common symptom resulting from allergies, colds, sinusitis, and other upper respiratory tract infections. These drugs work by activating α-adrenergic receptors, constricting small blood vessels in the nasal membranes. This action results in the opening of clogged nasal passages, thereby facilitating sinus drainage and relieving congestion.
Most decongestants are readily available over-the-counter in various...
Drugs Used in Upper Respiratory Disorders: Overview01:16

Drugs Used in Upper Respiratory Disorders: Overview

Upper respiratory tract disorders, including viral infections and allergic rhinitis, cause significant discomfort and disrupt daily life. Managing these conditions involves a variety of drugs, such as antihistamines, intranasal steroids, decongestants, antitussives, expectorants, and mucolytics. Specific examples of drugs in each category are provided.
Antihistamines (e.g., Benadryl) block histamines from binding. Histamines are chemicals released during an allergic reaction in the body. As a...
Vaccinations01:51

Vaccinations

Overview

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Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

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Correction: Triethylamine inhibits influenza A virus infection and growth via mechanisms independent of viral neuraminidase and RNA-dependent RNA polymerase.

PloS one·2026
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Host-directed antiviral strategy targeting prohibitins: Mel56 suppresses influenza A virus and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 via modulation of antioxidant pathways and mitochondrial function.

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Triethylamine inhibits influenza A virus infection and growth via mechanisms independent of viral neuraminidase and RNA-dependent RNA polymerase.

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Retraction Note: Neurotropic influenza A virus infection causes prion protein misfolding into infectious prions in neuroblastoma cells.

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Correction: Taniuchi et al. The Combination of Binding Avidity of Ovomucoid-Specific IgE Antibody and Specific IgG4 Antibody Can Predict Positive Outcomes of Oral Food Challenges during Stepwise Slow Oral Immunotherapy in Children with Hen's Egg Allergy. <i>Nutrients</i> 2023, <i>15</i>, 2770.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 28, 2026

Preparation, Characteristics, Toxicity, and Efficacy Evaluation of the Nasal Self-Assembled Nanoemulsion Tumor Vaccine In Vitro and In Vivo
07:33

Preparation, Characteristics, Toxicity, and Efficacy Evaluation of the Nasal Self-Assembled Nanoemulsion Tumor Vaccine In Vitro and In Vivo

Published on: September 28, 2022

[Nasal vaccines].

Hiroshi Kido1, Dai Mizuno, Tsunetomo Takei

  • 1Division of Enzyme Chemistry, Institute for Enzyme Research, The University of Tokushima.

Nihon Rinsho. Japanese Journal of Clinical Medicine
|October 23, 2008
PubMed
Summary

Pulmonary surfactant and its synthetic analogs are safe and effective mucosal adjuvants for intranasal vaccines, enhancing immunity without causing inflammation, especially beneficial for children.

Area of Science:

  • Respiratory disease prophylaxis
  • Vaccine adjuvant research
  • Mucosal immunology

Context:

  • Nasal vaccination provides mucosal and systemic immunity against respiratory pathogens.
  • Effective mucosal immunity requires co-administration of mucosal adjuvants.
  • Pulmonary surfactant and its synthetic compounds are explored as novel adjuvants.

Purpose:

  • To review the potential of natural pulmonary surfactant and its synthetic analogs as safe and effective mucosal adjuvants.
  • To evaluate their efficacy in inducing protective immunity via intranasal vaccination.
  • To assess their safety profile, particularly regarding inflammation.

Summary:

  • Intranasal administration of influenza hemagglutinin vaccine with pulmonary surfactant or its synthetic mimic induced robust anti-HA sIgA and IgG in airways and serum.

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Intranasal Delivery of mRNA Polyplexes via Rayleigh Breakup Aerosols: An In Vitro Method for Nasal Deposition and Functional Testing

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Intranasal Immunization and Milk Collection in Studies of Maternal Immunization in New Zealand White Rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus)
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Intranasal Immunization and Milk Collection in Studies of Maternal Immunization in New Zealand White Rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus)

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Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 28, 2026

Preparation, Characteristics, Toxicity, and Efficacy Evaluation of the Nasal Self-Assembled Nanoemulsion Tumor Vaccine In Vitro and In Vivo
07:33

Preparation, Characteristics, Toxicity, and Efficacy Evaluation of the Nasal Self-Assembled Nanoemulsion Tumor Vaccine In Vitro and In Vivo

Published on: September 28, 2022

Intranasal Delivery of mRNA Polyplexes via Rayleigh Breakup Aerosols: An In Vitro Method for Nasal Deposition and Functional Testing
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Intranasal Delivery of mRNA Polyplexes via Rayleigh Breakup Aerosols: An In Vitro Method for Nasal Deposition and Functional Testing

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Intranasal Immunization and Milk Collection in Studies of Maternal Immunization in New Zealand White Rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus)
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Intranasal Immunization and Milk Collection in Studies of Maternal Immunization in New Zealand White Rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus)

Published on: July 31, 2021

  • The adjuvant efficacy was comparable to cholera toxin.
  • No inflammatory cytokine induction or cell migration was observed in the nasal cavity.

    • Impact:

    • Pulmonary surfactant and synthetic analogs represent promising, safe mucosal adjuvants for intranasal vaccines.
    • These adjuvants enhance protective immunity without inflammatory side effects.
    • Potential for improved vaccine strategies, particularly for pediatric respiratory diseases.