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Related Concept Videos

Vaccinations01:51

Vaccinations

Overview
Vaccines01:21

Vaccines

Vaccines are among the most effective tools in preventive medicine, designed to prepare the immune system to recognize and combat infectious agents. By introducing antigens—substances that the immune system identifies as foreign—vaccines stimulate an adaptive immune response that leads to immunological memory. This immunological memory enables the body to mount a faster and more effective response upon future exposures to the actual pathogen.Vaccines can be categorized based on the type of...
Botulism01:22

Botulism

Botulism is a life-threatening neuroparalytic condition caused by botulinum neurotoxin, which is produced by the bacterium Clostridium botulinum, a Gram-positive, spore-forming, obligate anaerobe.In adults, the toxin enters the body in different ways: in foodborne botulism, the preformed toxin is absorbed in the intestine. In wound botulism, spores grow in injured tissue and release the toxin into the blood. Infant botulism differs mechanistically from adult forms. In infants, botulism commonly...
Bacterial Gastroenteritis01:18

Bacterial Gastroenteritis

Bacterial gastroenteritis, characterized by diarrhea, abdominal cramps, and vomiting, is often caused by ingestion of contaminated food or water and is frequently associated with pathogenic Escherichia coli strains. These microbes exploit two principal mechanisms to inflict disease.Shiga toxin–producing E. coli, also referred to as STEC—notably O157:H7—release Shiga toxins that target ribosomes, blocking protein synthesis. The B subunit of the toxin binds the host glycolipid receptor...
Poliomyelitis01:17

Poliomyelitis

Poliomyelitis is caused by poliovirus, a small, non-enveloped, positive-sense RNA virus of the Picornaviridae family and Enterovirus genus. Transmission occurs primarily via the fecal-oral route, often through ingestion of contaminated water or food. The virus initially replicates in the oropharynx and intestinal mucosa, particularly in lymphoid tissues such as the tonsils, Peyer’s patches, and regional lymph nodes. Primary viremia follows, allowing dissemination throughout the body.In most...
Respiratory Syncytial Virus Disease01:29

Respiratory Syncytial Virus Disease

Human respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a widespread pathogen that primarily targets infants and young children but also poses a serious health risk to elderly and immunocompromised individuals. Belonging to the Pneumoviridae family, RSV is a negative-sense, single-stranded RNA virus within the Pneumovirus genus. Its global health burden is significant, with millions of cases annually resulting in hospitalizations and mortality, particularly in resource-limited settings. Although most...

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Assays for the Specific Growth Rate and Cell-binding Ability of Rotavirus
10:49

Assays for the Specific Growth Rate and Cell-binding Ability of Rotavirus

Published on: January 28, 2019

[Rotavirus vaccine].

Hiroshi Ushijima1, Shinichi Ishida

  • 1Aino University, Aino Health Science Center.

Nihon Rinsho. Japanese Journal of Clinical Medicine
|October 23, 2008
PubMed
Summary

Rotavirus gastroenteritis causes hundreds of thousands of child deaths globally. Current vaccines like RotaTeq and Rotarix show promise but face challenges due to rotavirus genetic diversity and potential side effects.

Area of Science:

  • Pediatrics
  • Vaccinology
  • Virology

Context:

  • Rotavirus gastroenteritis is a leading cause of mortality in children under five, particularly in developing nations, with 400,000-600,000 deaths annually.
  • Rotavirus vaccine development, ongoing since the 1980s, has been hindered by the virus's genetic variability, including over 10 serotypes (G types) in group A rotavirus.
  • Historical vaccine trials, such as RotaShield, encountered challenges including side effects like intussusception, necessitating rigorous safety and efficacy evaluations.

Purpose:

  • To review the current status of rotavirus vaccine development and efficacy.
  • To highlight the challenges in creating effective rotavirus vaccines, including viral genetic diversity and safety concerns.
  • To provide an overview of currently available rotavirus vaccines and their global regulatory status.

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Live Calcium Imaging of Virus-Infected Human Intestinal Organoid Monolayers Using Genetically Encoded Calcium Indicators
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Live Calcium Imaging of Virus-Infected Human Intestinal Organoid Monolayers Using Genetically Encoded Calcium Indicators

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Assays for the Specific Growth Rate and Cell-binding Ability of Rotavirus
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Assays for the Specific Growth Rate and Cell-binding Ability of Rotavirus

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Simplified Reverse Genetics Method to Recover Recombinant Rotaviruses Expressing Reporter Proteins
11:40

Simplified Reverse Genetics Method to Recover Recombinant Rotaviruses Expressing Reporter Proteins

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Live Calcium Imaging of Virus-Infected Human Intestinal Organoid Monolayers Using Genetically Encoded Calcium Indicators
08:01

Live Calcium Imaging of Virus-Infected Human Intestinal Organoid Monolayers Using Genetically Encoded Calcium Indicators

Published on: January 19, 2024

Summary:

  • Rotavirus vaccines have been developed since the 1980s, but their widespread availability has been delayed by the virus's genetic variability and safety concerns like intussusception.
  • Currently, RotaTeq (a 5-valent recombinant vaccine) and Rotarix (a monovalent human strain vaccine) are undergoing field studies and are licensed or available in various countries.
  • While not yet licensed in Japan, these advanced rotavirus vaccines are anticipated for future use, reflecting ongoing global efforts to control this significant childhood illness.

Impact:

  • The development of safe and effective rotavirus vaccines is crucial for reducing child mortality and morbidity worldwide.
  • Understanding rotavirus's genetic diversity is key to designing broadly protective vaccines.
  • The successful implementation of rotavirus vaccination programs can significantly decrease the burden of diarrheal diseases in pediatric populations.