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Heterogeneous Catalysis

Heterogeneous Catalysis

Heterogeneous catalysis involves a catalyst in a different phase from the reactants. It is a process where the catalyst and the reactants are in distinct phases, typically solid and gas or liquid.Most heterogeneous catalysts are metals, metal oxides, or acids. The list includes transition metals like iron (Fe), cobalt (Co), nickel (Ni), palladium (Pd), platinum (Pt), chromium (Cr), manganese (Mn), tungsten (W), silver (Ag), and copper (Cu). These metals possess partially vacant d orbitals that...

Catalysis

Catalysis

The presence of a catalyst affects the rate of a chemical reaction. A catalyst is a substance that can increase the reaction rate without being consumed during the process. A basic comprehension of a catalysts’ role during chemical reactions can be understood from the concept of reaction mechanisms and energy diagrams.

Catalysis

Catalysis

Catalysis influences the rate of chemical reactions by providing an alternative reaction pathway with lower activation energy. A catalyst speeds up a reaction, but it is not consumed during the process. The fundamental principle of catalysis is the ability of a catalyst to alter the reaction mechanism, often introducing a more efficient pathway than the uncatalyzed process.In a catalyzed reaction, the catalyst participates directly in the reaction mechanism. It interacts with reactants to form...

Reduction of Alkenes: Asymmetric Catalytic Hydrogenation

Reduction of Alkenes: Asymmetric Catalytic Hydrogenation

Catalytic hydrogenation of alkenes is a transition-metal catalyzed reduction of the double bond using molecular hydrogen to give alkanes. The mode of hydrogen addition follows syn stereochemistry.
The metal catalyst used can be either heterogeneous or homogeneous. When hydrogenation of an alkene generates a chiral center, a pair of enantiomeric products is expected to form. However, an enantiomeric excess of one of the products can be facilitated using an enantioselective reaction or an...

Reduction of Alkynes to cis-Alkenes: Catalytic Hydrogenation

Reduction of Alkynes to cis-Alkenes: Catalytic Hydrogenation

Introduction
Like alkenes, alkynes can be reduced to alkanes in the presence of transition metal catalysts such as Pt, Pd, or Ni. The reaction involves two sequential syn additions of hydrogen via a cis-alkene intermediate.

Reduction of Alkenes: Catalytic Hydrogenation

Reduction of Alkenes: Catalytic Hydrogenation

Alkenes undergo reduction by the addition of molecular hydrogen to give alkanes. Because the process generally occurs in the presence of a transition-metal catalyst, the reaction is called catalytic hydrogenation.
Metals like palladium, platinum, and nickel are commonly used in their solid forms — fine powder on an inert surface. As these catalysts remain insoluble in the reaction mixture, they are referred to as heterogeneous catalysts.
The hydrogenation process takes place on the surface of...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 28, 2026

Imine Metathesis by Silica-Supported Catalysts Using the Methodology of Surface Organometallic Chemistry

Imine Metathesis by Silica-Supported Catalysts Using the Methodology of Surface Organometallic Chemistry

Published on: October 18, 2019

Application of solid ash based catalysts in heterogeneous catalysis.

¹Department of Chemical Engineering, Curtin University of Technology, GPO Box U1987, Perth, WA 6845, Australia. wangshao@vesta.curtin.edu.au

Environmental Science & Technology

|October 23, 2008

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Fly ash, a coal combustion byproduct, shows potential as a catalyst or catalyst support in heterogeneous catalysis. Its unique properties enable effective applications in various industrial processes, offering a sustainable waste recycling solution.

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Synthesis of Metal Nanoparticles Supported on Carbon Nanotube with Doped Co and N Atoms and its Catalytic Applications in Hydrogen Production

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Area of Science:

Materials Science
Environmental Science
Chemical Engineering

Background:

Fly ash and bottom ash are solid wastes from coal and biomass combustion.
Fly ash, rich in metal oxides and aluminosilicates, exhibits high thermal stability.
Recycling fly ash reduces environmental impact and offers industrial application benefits.

Purpose of the Study:

To review the physicochemical properties of fly ash.
To explore fly ash applications in heterogeneous catalysis, both as a catalyst support and as a catalyst.
To assess the catalytic performance of fly ash in various chemical reactions.

Main Methods:

Literature review of physicochemical properties of fly ash.
Analysis of studies on fly ash utilization in catalysis.
Compilation of data on catalytic activities and applications.

Main Results:

Fly ash serves as a stable catalyst support for active components in reactions like H2 production, deSO(x), deNO(x), hydrocarbon oxidation, and hydrocracking.
Fly ash itself acts as an effective catalyst for gas-phase oxidation of volatile organic compounds, aqueous-phase oxidation, plastic pyrolysis, and solvent-free organic synthesis.
Catalytic activities of fly-ash-based materials are comparable to commercial catalysts.

Conclusions:

Fly ash is a versatile material for heterogeneous catalysis, functioning as both a support and an active catalyst.
Its utilization in catalysis presents a cost-effective and environmentally friendly approach to solid waste management.
Further research into fly ash applications can lead to novel catalytic processes and sustainable industrial practices.