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Humoral Immune Responses01:36

Humoral Immune Responses

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Transcytosis is the process in which molecules are internalized by endocytosis, transported across the cell, and released through exocytosis from the opposite end of the cell. Molecules such as insulin, immunoglobulins, and certain nutrients are transferred through the recycling endosomes by recycling and transcytosis.
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Immunodeficiency disorders are conditions in which the immune system's ability to fight infectious disease and cancer is compromised or entirely absent. The immune system comprises a complex network of cells, tissues, and organs that work together to protect the body from potentially harmful invaders. When this system is deficient or not functioning properly, it leaves the body susceptible to infections, diseases, or other complications.
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Without prolonged fasting, healthy individuals maintain blood glucose levels above 3.5 mM due to a well-adapted neuroendocrine counterregulatory system that effectively prevents acute hypoglycemia, a potentially life-threatening condition. The primary clinical scenarios for hypoglycemia encompass diabetes treatment, inappropriate production of endogenous insulin or insulin-like substances by tumors, and the use of glucose-lowering agents in non-diabetic individuals. Notably, hypoglycemia in the...
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Recognition of Epidermal Transglutaminase by IgA and Tissue Transglutaminase 2 Antibodies in a Rare Case of Rhesus Dermatitis
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Hypogammaglobulinaemia.

Patrick F K Yong1, Ronnie Chee, Bodo Grimbacher

  • 1Department of Clinical Immunology, Kings College Hospital, London SE5 9RS, UK.

Immunology and Allergy Clinics of North America
|October 23, 2008
PubMed
Summary

Primary immunodeficiencies causing hypogammaglobulinemia are the most common. Advances in understanding severe antibody deficiencies contrast with poor recognition and characterization of milder forms, impacting patient care.

Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Clinical Medicine
  • Genetics

Background:

  • Primary immunodeficiencies (PIDs) encompass a heterogeneous group of genetic disorders affecting the immune system.
  • Antibody deficiencies, including hypogammaglobulinemia, represent the largest category of PIDs.
  • Recent years have seen significant progress in elucidating the molecular underpinnings and clinical phenotypes of severe antibody deficiency disorders.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review primary immunodeficiencies characterized by hypogammaglobulinemia or predominantly antibody deficiency.
  • To highlight recent advances in understanding severe antibody deficiency disorders.
  • To underscore the challenges in recognizing and characterizing milder forms of antibody deficiency.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review focusing on primary immunodeficiencies and antibody deficiencies.

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  • Synthesis of recent findings on molecular basis and clinical characteristics.
  • Analysis of diagnostic challenges and knowledge gaps.

    • Main Results:

    • Antibody deficiency disorders constitute the majority of primary immunodeficiency cases.
    • Significant progress has been made in understanding severe antibody deficiencies.
    • Recognition of these disorders is often delayed, particularly milder forms with normal immunoglobulin G levels.

    Conclusions:

    • Despite advances, the recognition and understanding of antibody deficiency disorders, especially milder variants, remain suboptimal.
    • Further research is crucial for improved diagnosis and patient management.
    • Enhanced understanding will also contribute to fundamental knowledge of immune system function.