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Ischemic Heart Disease: Overview

Ischemic Heart Disease: Overview

Ischemic heart disease occurs when the heart's blood supply dwindles, causing an ominous lack of oxygen and nutrients. This deficiency, stemming from reduced or obstructed blood flow, spells danger, leading to heart muscle damage and dysfunction.
Atherosclerosis, the primary malefactor, orchestrates this dangerous condition. It manifests as the accumulation of fatty deposits, akin to insidious plaques, within arterial walls. As time elapses, these plaques metamorphose, hardening and narrowing...

Cardiomyopathy I: Introduction and Classification

Cardiomyopathy I: Introduction and Classification

Cardiomyopathy, or CMP, is a group of diseases affecting the myocardial structure, impairing its ability to pump blood effectively. This condition can lead to arrhythmias, heart failure, or sudden cardiac death.Cardiomyopathies are classified into primary and secondary categories:Primary Cardiomyopathy refers to conditions involving only the heart muscle that are often idiopathic (of unknown cause) or genetic. They primarily affect the myocardium without the involvement of other systemic...

Coronary Artery Disease II: Pathophysiology

Coronary Artery Disease II: Pathophysiology

Coronary Artery Disease (CAD) originates from a series of events that impair the function of coronary arteries, the blood vessels responsible for delivering oxygen-rich blood to the heart muscle. The pathophysiology of CAD is closely linked to atherosclerosis, a chronic inflammatory and lipid-driven condition affecting the vascular endothelium.1. Endothelial DamageThe process begins with damage to the vascular endothelium, which serves as a protective barrier between the blood and the vessel...

Acute Coronary Syndrome II: Pathophysiology and Clinical Manifestations

Acute Coronary Syndrome II: Pathophysiology and Clinical Manifestations

The pathophysiology of Acute Coronary Syndrome [ACD] involves several key processes:The main underlying cause of ACD is atherosclerosis, a chronic inflammatory disease characterized by the buildup of lipid-laden plaques within the coronary arteries.As the atherosclerotic plaque grows in the coronary artery, it may become unstable due to the formation of a lipid-rich core and a thin fibrous cap. Inflammatory cells within the plaque, such as macrophages, secrete enzymes that degrade the...

Atherosclerosis III: Management

Atherosclerosis III: Management

Management of atherosclerosis involves an integrated strategy encompassing pharmacological treatment, surgical interventions, lifestyle changes, and nutrition therapy to address the multifactorial nature of the disease.Pharmacological TherapyA cornerstone of atherosclerosis management is the use of pharmacological agents. Statins, such as atorvastatin, are pivotal in inhibiting HMG-CoA reductase, an enzyme that catalyzes an initial step in cholesterol synthesis in the liver. This reduction in...

Ischemic Stroke ll: Pathophysiology

Ischemic Stroke ll: Pathophysiology

An ischemic stroke occurs when a cerebral blood vessel becomes obstructed, most often by a thrombus or embolus, interrupting the delivery of oxygen and glucose to brain tissue. Because neurons rely on continuous aerobic metabolism, energy failure begins within minutes of reduced perfusion. The region receiving the least blood flow becomes the infarct core, an area of irreversible cellular death. Surrounding this core lies the penumbra, a zone of hypoperfused but still viable tissue that is...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 28, 2026

A Model for Encephalomyosynangiosis Treatment after Middle Cerebral Artery Occlusion-Induced Stroke in Mice

A Model for Encephalomyosynangiosis Treatment after Middle Cerebral Artery Occlusion-Induced Stroke in Mice

Published on: June 22, 2022

Moyamoya disease: current concepts and future perspectives.

Satoshi Kuroda¹, Kiyohiro Houkin

¹Department of Neurosurgery, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Japan. skuroda@med.hokudai.ac.jp

The Lancet. Neurology

|October 23, 2008

Summary

Moyamoya disease, a rare cerebrovascular condition, involves blocked arteries at the brain

Area of Science:

Neurology
Vascular Biology
Genetics

Background:

Moyamoya disease is a rare cerebrovascular disorder characterized by progressive stenosis of the internal carotid arteries and their branches.
It leads to the formation of fragile collateral vessels at the brain's base, known as moyamoya vessels.
The condition has a high incidence in East Asia, with familial cases comprising approximately 15% of patients.

Purpose of the Study:

To provide a comprehensive review of moyamoya disease.
To summarize current knowledge on its epidemiology, etiology, clinical manifestations, diagnostic approaches, and treatment outcomes.
To discuss recent advancements and future directions in moyamoya disease research and management.

Main Methods:

Literature review of epidemiological, etiological, clinical, diagnostic, and therapeutic data.

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Published on: October 10, 2025

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Modeling Mitochondrial Disease Using Brain Organoids: A Focus on Mitochondrial Encephalomyopathy, Lactic Acidosis, and Stroke-like Episodes

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Synthesis of information on surgical interventions like extracranial-intracranial arterial bypass.

Discussion of outcomes and future perspectives based on existing studies.

Main Results:

Moyamoya disease presents with two distinct age peaks: around 5 years and 40 years.
Pediatric patients typically experience ischemic attacks, while adults may suffer from ischemic attacks, intracranial bleeding, or both.
Surgical bypass procedures show promise in preventing further ischemic events, but their efficacy in preventing hemorrhagic stroke remains uncertain.

Conclusions:

Moyamoya disease requires a multidisciplinary approach for diagnosis and management.
Surgical revascularization is a key treatment for preventing ischemic events.
Further research is needed to clarify the optimal treatment strategies, especially for hemorrhagic presentations, and to explore future therapeutic avenues.