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Related Concept Videos

Epilepsy ll: Types01:22

Epilepsy ll: Types

Recurrent seizures, stemming from abnormal electrical activity in the brain, are the defining characteristic of epilepsy, a chronic neurological condition. Because seizure features vary greatly, epilepsy is classified using two systems: by seizure type and by epilepsy syndromes. These classifications enable clinicians to describe seizure patterns and select suitable treatment strategies.I. Classification by Seizure Type1. Focal EpilepsyFocal epilepsy begins in one hemisphere of the brain.
Epilepsy and Seizures: Overview01:24

Epilepsy and Seizures: Overview

Epilepsy is a chronic neurological disease marked by recurrent, unpredictable seizures. These seizures are caused by abnormal electrical discharges in the brain, leading to behavior, sensation, or consciousness alterations. They can also cause transient impairment of awareness, interfering with daily activities.
Various factors can trigger epilepsy, including genetic factors, brain damage, metabolic causes, and unknown etiology. Diagnosis of epilepsy involves electroencephalography (EEG), which...
Seizures: Classification01:13

Seizures: Classification

Epilepsy is primarily characterized by unpredictable seizures, either provoked by an identifiable factor, such as injury or illness, or unprovoked, occurring spontaneously without apparent cause.
Seizures are typically classified into two main categories: focal and generalized seizures.
Focal Seizures
Focal seizures originate from specific regions of the brain. These seizures are further sub-classified into two types:
Seizures l: Introduction01:20

Seizures l: Introduction

Understanding seizures and epilepsy relies on key definitions that help in recognizing, classifying, and managing these disorders. These definitions provide a framework for recognizing, classifying, and managing seizure disorders.DefinitionsA seizure is a sudden, abnormal burst of electrical activity in the brain that can cause changes in awareness, movement, sensation, or behavior, depending on the area involved. Epilepsy is a chronic condition characterized by recurrent, unprovoked seizures,...
Seizures ll: Types01:19

Seizures ll: Types

Seizures are sudden bursts of abnormal electrical discharge in the brain that interfere with normal function. They are commonly divided into three groups: focal seizures, generalized seizures, and other types that do not fit neatly into either category.Focal SeizuresFocal seizures begin in a single brain region. When awareness is preserved, they are called focal aware seizures and may cause sensations such as tingling, unusual smells, or flashing lights. When awareness is impaired, they are...
Antiepileptic Drugs: Glutamate Antagonists01:14

Antiepileptic Drugs: Glutamate Antagonists

Glutamate is a fundamental neurotransmitter in the central nervous system, playing a vital role in neuronal communication and various cognitive processes. Glutamate stands as the principal excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain. Its presence is crucial for the communication between neurons, underpinning essential processes such as synaptic transmission, neuronal excitability, and plasticity. These functions are vital for higher-order cognitive processes, including learning and memory. The...

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Updated: Jun 28, 2026

Electromagnetic Source Imaging in Presurgical Evaluation of Children with Drug-Resistant Epilepsy
09:57

Electromagnetic Source Imaging in Presurgical Evaluation of Children with Drug-Resistant Epilepsy

Published on: September 20, 2024

Epilepsy.

Alberto Citterio1, Nadia Colombo

  • 1Neuroradiology Department, Ospedale Cà Granda Niguarda, Piazza Ospedale Maggiore 3, 20162 Milan, Italy. alberto.citterio@ospedaleniguarda.it

Neurological Sciences : Official Journal of the Italian Neurological Society and of the Italian Society of Clinical Neurophysiology
|November 15, 2008
PubMed
Summary

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is crucial for diagnosing medically refractory partial epilepsy (MRPE) in patients considering surgery. Common causes include cortical malformations, tumors like DNTs and GG, and mesial temporal sclerosis.

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Area of Science:

  • Neurology
  • Neurosurgery
  • Radiology

Background:

  • Medically refractory partial epilepsy (MRPE) often requires surgical intervention.
  • Accurate pre-surgical diagnosis is essential for successful epilepsy surgery.
  • Identifying the epileptogenic zone is key to surgical planning.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To highlight the pivotal role of Magnetic Resonance (MR) imaging in the diagnostic pathway for MRPE.
  • To outline the common neurosurgical pathologies identified by MR in epilepsy patients.
  • To emphasize MR as a fundamental diagnostic tool for epilepsy surgery candidates.

Main Methods:

  • Review of common neuroimaging findings in epilepsy surgery evaluations.
  • Correlation of MR findings with histopathological diagnoses.
  • Analysis of lesion types associated with medically refractory epilepsy.

Main Results:

  • MR is a critical first step for patients with MRPE considered for surgery.
  • Frequent lesions include malformations of cortical development (MCD), such as focal cortical dysplasias (FCD).
  • Epileptogenic tumors (dysembryoplastic neuroepithelial tumors [DNTs], gangliogliomas [GG]) and mesial temporal sclerosis (MTS) are also common findings.

Conclusions:

  • MR imaging plays a fundamental role in the pre-surgical evaluation of MRPE.
  • Identification of specific lesions like MCD, DNTs, GG, and MTS via MR guides surgical decisions.
  • Comprehensive MR assessment is vital for optimizing outcomes in epilepsy surgery.