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Related Concept Videos

Infectious Diseases and Their Occurrence01:28

Infectious Diseases and Their Occurrence

Infectious diseases appear in populations through various transmission patterns, influenced by pathogen characteristics, population immunity, environmental conditions, and social behavior. Understanding these patterns is essential for effective public health surveillance and intervention. These categories—sporadic, outbreak, epidemic, pandemic, and endemic—help frame the nature and scope of disease events.Sporadic diseases occur irregularly and infrequently, without a predictable temporal or...
Steps in Outbreak Investigation01:18

Steps in Outbreak Investigation

In the ever-evolving field of public health, statistical analysis serves as a cornerstone for understanding and managing disease outbreaks. By leveraging various statistical tools, health professionals can predict potential outbreaks, analyze ongoing situations, and devise effective responses to mitigate impact. For that to happen, there are a few possible stages of the analysis:
Investigation of Disease Outbreaks01:23

Investigation of Disease Outbreaks

Multistate foodborne outbreaks pose significant public health risks and require meticulous investigation to identify sources and implement control measures. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) utilizes a dynamic seven-step process for these investigations, integrating data from laboratories, interviews, and environmental assessments to protect public health.Outbreak Detection: The detection of multistate outbreaks typically begins with PulseNet, the CDC's national laboratory...
Infection01:20

Infection

When a pathogen enters the body and reproduces, it can cause an infection, damage body cells, and cause illness symptoms that eventually lead to disease. Therefore, its prevention requires breaking the chain of infection.
The chain begins with pathogens: bacteria, viruses, fungi, prions, or parasites such as protozoa helminths. These can be present on the skin as transient or resident flora, or they can be acquired from the environment. Identifying and treating the type of infection and...
Prevalence and Incidence01:08

Prevalence and Incidence

In statistical epidemiology and health sciences, two essential metrics—prevalence and incidence—are fundamental for understanding disease dynamics within a population. These measures enable public health officials, epidemiologists, and researchers to assess the burden of diseases, allocate resources effectively, and design impactful public health policies and interventions.
Prevalence indicates the proportion of individuals in a population who have a specific disease or health condition at a...
Acute Inflammation III: Local and Systemic Effects01:25

Acute Inflammation III: Local and Systemic Effects

Acute inflammation produces a coordinated set of local and systemic changes that limit injury, eliminate pathogens, and initiate repair. These responses arise within minutes of infection, trauma, or chemical insult and are driven by vascular alterations and leukocyte-derived mediators. When the stimulus resolves, the reaction typically abates within days.Local EffectsAt the site of injury, arteriolar vasodilation increases blood flow, resulting in redness and warmth. Simultaneously, increased...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 28, 2026

Comparative Lesions Analysis Through a Targeted Sequencing Approach
08:16

Comparative Lesions Analysis Through a Targeted Sequencing Approach

Published on: November 5, 2019

Lesion expansion as an epidemic component.

R D Berger, A B Filho, L Amorim

    Phytopathology
    |October 24, 2008
    PubMed
    Summary

    Lesion expansion rate is the most critical factor in plant disease epidemics. Including this radial expansion rate in models improves understanding of disease spread and management strategies.

    Area of Science:

    • Plant pathology
    • Epidemiology
    • Mathematical modeling

    Background:

    • Polycyclic epidemics are driven by multiple infection cycles.
    • Understanding key epidemiological parameters is crucial for disease management.
    • Existing models may not fully capture the impact of lesion expansion.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To evaluate the sensitivity of five epidemiological parameters in simulating lesion expansion.
    • To determine the most influential factors driving disease severity in polycyclic epidemics.
    • To propose an improved model for describing polycyclic epidemics.

    Main Methods:

    • A simulator was developed to model the enlargement of circular lesions on host tissue.
    • Five parameters were analyzed: radial expansion rate (k(exp)), maximum basic infection rate (R(m)), infectious area proportion (f), initial lesion size (z), and susceptible host proportion (s).

    Related Experiment Videos

    Last Updated: Jun 28, 2026

    Comparative Lesions Analysis Through a Targeted Sequencing Approach
    08:16

    Comparative Lesions Analysis Through a Targeted Sequencing Approach

    Published on: November 5, 2019

  • Model validation was performed using natural epidemics of Cercospora medicaginis and Exserohilum turcicum.

    • Main Results:

    • The radial expansion rate (k(exp)) was identified as the most sensitive parameter influencing disease severity.
    • A low radial rate (0.1 mm day(-1)) led to over 70% of disease originating from lesion expansion.
    • Susceptible host sites (s) and the maximum basic infection rate (R(m)) were also sensitive parameters.
    • Initial lesion size (z) was less sensitive but interacted with susceptible host sites (s).
    • Maximum disease proportion from expansion occurred with high k(exp), small z, and low s, R(m), and f.

    Conclusions:

    • Radial lesion expansion is a significant driver of polycyclic epidemics.
    • The 'epidemic quintuplet' model should be expanded to an 'epidemic sextuplet' by including k(exp).
    • Accurate modeling of lesion expansion is vital for effective plant disease management.