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Electrospray Ionization (ESI) Mass Spectrometry

Electrospray Ionization (ESI) Mass Spectrometry

Higher molecular weight biomolecules are nonvolatile compounds that may decompose before ionizing or vaporizing during mass analysis with conventional electron impact ionization methods. Accordingly, electrospray ionization (ESI) is the favored method for vaporizing and ionizing biomolecules as it circumvents rapid fragmentation and enables the recording of mass signals for the entire biomolecule.
ESI utilizes electrical energy to transfer ions from the liquid phase of the sample into the...

Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectroscopy: Principle

Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectroscopy: Principle

Inductively coupled plasma (ICP) is the most widely used plasma source in atomic emission spectroscopy (AES), also known as Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectroscopy (ICP-OES). The ICP source, or torch, consists of three concentric quartz tubes with argon gas flowing through them. A spark from a Tesla coil initiates the ionization of argon, generating a high-temperature plasma.
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Chemical Ionization (CI) Mass Spectrometry

Chemical Ionization (CI) Mass Spectrometry

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Capillary Electrophoresis: Instrumentation

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Capillary electrophoresis instrumentation typically consists of several key components. A high-voltage power supply generates the electric field necessary for the separation by connecting to an anode (the positively charged electrode) and a cathode (the negatively charged electrode) located in buffer reservoirs at each end of the capillary tube. The system includes a sample vial, a fused silica capillary tube coated with polyimide for mechanical strength through which the sample components...

Inductively Coupled Plasma–Mass Spectrometry (ICP–MS): Overview

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In inductively coupled plasma–mass spectrometry (ICP–MS), an inductively coupled plasma (ICP) torch is used as an atomizer and ionizer. Solid samples are dissolved and volatilized before being introduced into the high-temperature argon plasma, while solution samples are nebulized and passed through the high-temperature argon plasma. Plasma dissociates the analytes and ionizes their component atoms to form a mixture of positive ions and molecular species. The positive ions are then passed on to...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 28, 2026

A Microfluidic-based Electrochemical Biochip for Label-free DNA Hybridization Analysis

A Microfluidic-based Electrochemical Biochip for Label-free DNA Hybridization Analysis

Published on: September 10, 2014

Electrospray ionization from an adjustable gap between two silicon chips.

Patrik Ek¹, Tommy Schönberg, Johan Sjödahl

¹School of Chemical Science and Engineering, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Royal Institute of Technology, SE-100 44 Stockholm, Sweden.

Journal of Mass Spectrometry : JMS

|October 24, 2008

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

A novel silicon chip electrospray emitter with adjustable orifice size enhances peptide detection. Decreasing the gap width improved signal-to-noise ratios and charge states for peptide analysis.

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Last Updated: Jun 28, 2026

A Microfluidic-based Electrochemical Biochip for Label-free DNA Hybridization Analysis

A Microfluidic-based Electrochemical Biochip for Label-free DNA Hybridization Analysis

Published on: September 10, 2014

A Microfluidic Chip for ICPMS Sample Introduction

A Microfluidic Chip for ICPMS Sample Introduction

Published on: March 5, 2015

Area of Science:

Analytical Chemistry
Microfluidics
Surface Science

Background:

Electrospray ionization (ESI) is a crucial technique in mass spectrometry.
Miniaturization of ESI sources can offer advantages in sample consumption and integration.
Previous ESI emitters often lack precise control over the spray characteristics.

Purpose of the Study:

To develop and characterize a novel silicon chip-based electrospray emitter with a variable orifice size.
To investigate the effect of orifice size on electrospray performance and detection limits.
To demonstrate the integration of the chip-based emitter with capillary electrophoresis.

Main Methods:

Fabrication of a silicon chip emitter with two beams forming an adjustable gap.
Generation of electrospray at the gap endpoint formed by <100> silicon crystal planes.
Adjustment of the gap width from 1 to 25 micrometers.
Analysis of peptide solutions using the variable orifice electrospray emitter.
Interfacing the emitter with capillary electrophoresis.

Main Results:

The variable orifice size electrospray emitter was successfully fabricated and operated.
Decreasing the gap width led to higher peptide charge states and improved signal-to-noise ratios.
A limit of detection of approximately 4 nM for oxidized insulin B-chain was achieved.
Successful interfacing with capillary electrophoresis was demonstrated.

Conclusions:

The silicon chip-based electrospray emitter with variable orifice size offers enhanced performance for peptide analysis.
Adjustable orifice size provides a powerful tool for optimizing electrospray ionization.
This technology shows promise for sensitive and integrated analytical systems.