Search research articles

ABOUT JoVE

Overview Leadership Blog JoVE Help Center

AUTHORS

Publishing Process Editorial Board Scope & Policies Peer Review FAQ Submit

LIBRARIANS

Testimonials Subscriptions Access Resources Library Advisory Board FAQ

RESEARCH

JoVE Journal Methods Collections JoVE Encyclopedia of Experiments Archive

EDUCATION

JoVE Core JoVE Business JoVE Science Education JoVE Lab Manual Faculty Resource Center Faculty Site

Terms & Conditions of Use

Related Concept Videos

Bone Remodeling

Bone Remodeling

Bone remodeling is a continuous and balanced process of bone resorption by osteoclasts and bone formation by osteoblasts. In adults, it helps maintain bone mass and calcium homeostasis. While mechanical stress can stimulate turnover as part of the normal maintenance and reparative process, several hormones also regulate bone remodeling.

Osteoclasts in Bone Remodeling

Osteoclasts in Bone Remodeling

Osteoclasts are cells responsible for bone resorption and remodeling. They originate from hematopoietic progenitor cells present in the bone marrow. Numerous progenitor cells fuse to form multinucleated cells, each with 10-20 nuclei. A single osteoclast has a diameter of 150 to 200 µM. These cells have ruffled borders that break down the underlying bone tissue and release minerals such as calcium into the blood in bone resorption. Osteoclasts cling to bones with their ruffled edges during bone...

Teeth

Teeth

The formation of teeth, also known as odontogenesis, is a complex process that begins in utero, around the sixth week of embryonic development. There are three stages to this process: the bud stage, the cap stage, and the bell stage.
In the bud stage, the tooth germ (an aggregation of cells) starts to form in the developing jawbone. During the cap stage, the tooth germ differentiates into enamel organ, dental papilla, and dental sac, which will later develop into the tooth's enamel, dentin and...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by

Same author

Leave the dogma. Return to science.

American journal of orthodontics and dentofacial orthopedics : official publication of the American Association of Orthodontists, its constituent societies, and the American Board of Orthodontics·2026

Same author

Like fixed appliances, clear aligners restrain the teeth, but what a difference!

American journal of orthodontics and dentofacial orthopedics : official publication of the American Association of Orthodontists, its constituent societies, and the American Board of Orthodontics·2025

Same author

The artificial restraint and the center of resistance location.

American journal of orthodontics and dentofacial orthopedics : official publication of the American Association of Orthodontists, its constituent societies, and the American Board of Orthodontics·2025

Same author

Where is the center of resistance?

American journal of orthodontics and dentofacial orthopedics : official publication of the American Association of Orthodontists, its constituent societies, and the American Board of Orthodontics·2025

Same author

The time to change the orthodontic biomechanics is now.

American journal of orthodontics and dentofacial orthopedics : official publication of the American Association of Orthodontists, its constituent societies, and the American Board of Orthodontics·2025

Same author

Don't forget to overcorrect and much more: The current finite element analysis publications related to clear-aligner treatments.

American journal of orthodontics and dentofacial orthopedics : official publication of the American Association of Orthodontists, its constituent societies, and the American Board of Orthodontics·2023

Search research articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 28, 2026

Measuring Maxillary Posterior Tooth Movement: A Model Assessment using Palatal and Dental Superimposition

Measuring Maxillary Posterior Tooth Movement: A Model Assessment using Palatal and Dental Superimposition

Published on: February 23, 2024

Root resorption following treatment with aligners.

Naphtali Brezniak¹, Atalia Wasserstein

¹Head of the Orthodontic Residency, Orthodontic Department, Dental Unit, Medical Corps, Israel Defence Forces. st@012.net.il

The Angle Orthodontist

|October 25, 2008

Summary

Orthodontically induced inflammatory root resorption (OIIRR) can occur with Invisalign treatment, contrary to popular belief. This case report highlights the complexity of OIIRR and its potential occurrence even with newer orthodontic modalities.

More Related Videos

A Finite Element Approach for Locating the Center of Resistance of Maxillary Teeth

A Finite Element Approach for Locating the Center of Resistance of Maxillary Teeth

Published on: April 8, 2020

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 28, 2026

Measuring Maxillary Posterior Tooth Movement: A Model Assessment using Palatal and Dental Superimposition

Measuring Maxillary Posterior Tooth Movement: A Model Assessment using Palatal and Dental Superimposition

Published on: February 23, 2024

A Finite Element Approach for Locating the Center of Resistance of Maxillary Teeth

A Finite Element Approach for Locating the Center of Resistance of Maxillary Teeth

Published on: April 8, 2020

Area of Science:

Dentistry
Orthodontics
Biomaterials

Background:

Orthodontically induced inflammatory root resorption (OIIRR) is a known complication of orthodontic treatment.
The introduction of Invisalign, a popular clear aligner system, has raised questions about its association with OIIRR.
Previous literature has not extensively documented OIIRR following Invisalign treatment, leading to potential misconceptions.

Observation:

This case report presents a patient who developed OIIRR during Invisalign treatment.
The patient experienced root resorption despite the perceived lower risk associated with clear aligner therapy.

Findings:

OIIRR can occur with Invisalign treatment, challenging the assumption of its absence.
The complexity of OIIRR is demonstrated, indicating that root resorption is possible with various orthodontic approaches.

Implications:

Clinicians should remain vigilant for signs of OIIRR in patients undergoing Invisalign treatment.
Further research is needed to fully understand the incidence and risk factors of OIIRR with clear aligner therapy.
Patient education regarding potential risks, including root resorption, is crucial for informed consent.