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Cycloaddition Reactions: Overview

Cycloaddition Reactions: Overview

Cycloadditions are one of the most valuable and effective synthesis routes to form cyclic compounds. These are concerted pericyclic reactions between two unsaturated compounds resulting in a cyclic product with two new σ bonds formed at the expense of π bonds. The [4 + 2] cycloaddition, known as the Diels–Alder reaction, is the most common. The other example is a [2 + 2] cycloaddition.

Phase I Oxidative Reactions: Overview

Phase I Oxidative Reactions: Overview

Phase I biotransformation, or functionalization, is a crucial chemical process that converts drugs and other xenobiotics into more water-soluble forms, facilitating expulsion from the body. It involves oxidative, reductive, and hydrolytic reactions that add or unveil polar functional groups on lipophilic substrates. Key players in phase I reactions are the mixed-function oxidases. Situated in liver cell microsomes, these enzymes predominantly carry out drug metabolism. They require molecular...

Cycloaddition Reactions: MO Requirements for Thermal Activation

Cycloaddition Reactions: MO Requirements for Thermal Activation

Thermal cycloadditions are reactions where the source of activation energy needed to initiate the reaction is provided in the form of heat. A typical example of a thermally-allowed cycloaddition is the Diels–Alder reaction, which is a [4 + 2] cycloaddition. In contrast, a [2 + 2] cycloaddition is thermally forbidden.

Cycloalkanes

Cycloalkanes

Cycloalkanes are saturated cyclic hydrocarbons with carbon atoms arranged in the form of rings. They have two fewer hydrogen atoms than the corresponding acyclic alkane; therefore, their general formula is CnH2n. The structural formulas of cycloalkanes are simplified using the line-angle representation. The regular polygons are used to represent the cycloalkane rings, with each side representing a carbon-carbon bond.
The IUPAC nomenclature of cycloalkanes follows similar rules that apply to...

Preparation of Epoxides

Preparation of Epoxides

Overview
Epoxides result from alkene oxidation, which can be achieved by a) air, b) peroxy acids, c) hypochlorous acids, and d) halohydrin cyclization.
Epoxidation with Peroxy Acids
Epoxidation of alkenes via oxidation with peroxy acids involves the conversion of a carbon–carbon double bond to an epoxide using the oxidizing agent meta-chloroperoxybenzoic acid, commonly known as MCPBA. Since the O–O bond of peroxy acids is very weak, the addition of electrophilic oxygen of peroxy acids to...

Pericyclic Reactions: Introduction

Pericyclic Reactions: Introduction

Pericyclic reactions are organic reactions that occur via a concerted mechanism without generating any intermediates. The reactions proceed through the movement of electrons in a closed loop to form a cyclic transition state, where rearrangement of the σ and π bonds yields specific products.
Pericyclic reactions can be classified into three categories: electrocyclic reactions, cycloaddition reactions, and sigmatropic rearrangements. Electrocyclic reactions and sigmatropic rearrangements are...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 28, 2026

Structure-Guided Design and Development of Novel Cyclophilin A Inhibitors and Ganoderiol-F Derivatives: An In-Silico Approach

Structure-Guided Design and Development of Novel Cyclophilin A Inhibitors and Ganoderiol-F Derivatives: An In-Silico Approach

Published on: June 23, 2026

Cyclooxygenases: structural and functional insights.

Carol A Rouzer¹, Lawrence J Marnett

¹A.B. Hancock Jr. Memorial Laboratory for Cancer Research, Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology, Center in Molecular Toxicology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232-0146, USA.

Journal of Lipid Research

|October 28, 2008

Summary

Cyclooxygenase-1 and Cyclooxygenase-2 enzymes play roles beyond traditional understanding. Recent findings challenge the established view of their functions in prostaglandin synthesis and physiological processes.

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Structure-Guided Design and Development of Novel Cyclophilin A Inhibitors and Ganoderiol-F Derivatives: An In-Silico Approach

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Structural Biology and Analytical Chemistry Approaches for Characterizing C-Glycoside Metabolic Enzymes in Human Gut Microbiota

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Published on: May 23, 2025

Area of Science:

Biochemistry
Enzymology
Molecular Biology

Background:

Cyclooxygenase (COX) enzymes catalyze prostaglandin biosynthesis.
COX-1 and COX-2 are targets of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, linked to pain, inflammation, and cancer.
Traditional view: COX-1 is constitutive for homeostasis, COX-2 is inducible for pathology.

Purpose of the Study:

To review recent discoveries challenging the established COX-1/COX-2 paradigm.
To highlight underappreciated functions of both COX isoforms.

Main Methods:

Literature review of recent research on COX enzymes.
Analysis of studies investigating COX-1 and COX-2 functions.

Main Results:

Emerging evidence questions the strict homeostatic vs. pathophysiological roles of COX-1 and COX-2.
New insights reveal previously unrecognized functions for both COX isoforms.

Conclusions:

The paradigm distinguishing COX-1 and COX-2 functions requires re-evaluation.
Both COX isoforms possess complex and overlapping roles in physiology and pathology.