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Related Concept Videos

Somatic to iPS Cell Reprogramming01:29

Somatic to iPS Cell Reprogramming

Reprogramming alters the gene expression in somatic cells, transforming them into induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells over several generations. Scientists can reprogram cells by introducing genes for four transcription factors—Oct4, Sox2, Klf4, and c-Myc (OSKM) by viral or non-viral methods. These factors are also known as Yamanaka factors after Shinya Yamanaka, who first generated iPS cells using mouse skin cells. Yamanaka was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 2012 for this...
Methods of Nuclear Reprogramming01:24

Methods of Nuclear Reprogramming

Nuclear reprogramming is a process of transforming one cell type into an unrelated cell type by epigenetic changes that alter the cell’s original gene expression pattern. Such epigenetic changes force cells to express a different set of genes, which play a significant role in inducing transformation into other cell types. Nuclear reprogramming offers applications in reproductive cloning for livestock propagation and regenerative medicine — developing patient-specific cells for injury repair.
Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells01:13

Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells

Stem cells are undifferentiated cells that divide and produce different types of cells. Ordinarily, cells that have differentiated into a specific cell type are post-mitotic—that is, they no longer divide. However, scientists have found a way to reprogram these mature cells so that they “de-differentiate” and return to an unspecialized, proliferative state. These cells are also pluripotent like embryonic stem cells—able to produce all cell types—and are therefore called induced pluripotent stem...
Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells01:06

Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells

Stem cells are undifferentiated cells that divide and produce different cell types. Ordinarily, cells that have differentiated into a specific cell type are terminally differentiated; however, scientists have found a way to reprogram these mature cells so that they dedifferentiate and return to an unspecialized, proliferative state. These cells are pluripotent like embryonic stem cells—able to produce all cell types—and are called induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs).
Somatic cells are...
Introduction to Nuclear Reprogramming01:14

Introduction to Nuclear Reprogramming

Nuclear reprogramming is the process of switching gene expression of one cell type to that of another cell type, usually from a differentiated cell state to an undifferentiated cell state. Differentiation occurs during processes such as development and morphogenesis, tissue regeneration, and malignancy. Cells can also be artificially induced to reprogram their gene expression by techniques such as nuclear transfer, induced pluripotency, and cell fusion. Such techniques have many applications in...
Chromatin Modification in iPS Cells01:32

Chromatin Modification in iPS Cells

Chromatin modification alters gene expression; therefore, scientists can add histone-modifying enzymes, histone variants, and chromatin remodeling complexes to somatic cells to aid reprogramming into pluripotent stem (iPS) cells.
Compact chromatin makes reprogramming difficult. Enzymes, such as histone demethylases and acetyltransferases, are often added during reprogramming to loosen the chromatin, making the DNA more accessible to transcription factors. Molecules that inhibit histone...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 28, 2026

Generation of Human Primordial Germ Cell-like Cells at the Surface of Embryoid Bodies from Primed-pluripotency Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells
12:06

Generation of Human Primordial Germ Cell-like Cells at the Surface of Embryoid Bodies from Primed-pluripotency Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells

Published on: January 11, 2019

Reprogramming primordial germ cells into pluripotent stem cells.

Gabriela Durcova-Hills1, Fuchou Tang, Gina Doody

  • 1Wellcome Trust/Cancer Research UK Gurdon Institute of Cancer and Developmental Biology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom. gd225@cam ac.uk

Plos One
|October 28, 2008
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Trichostatin A (TSA) can induce primordial germ cells (PGCs) to dedifferentiate into embryonic germ (EG) cells, replacing FGF-2. This process involves down-regulating Blimp1 and activating key reprogramming factors like c-Myc and Klf-4.

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Last Updated: Jun 28, 2026

Generation of Human Primordial Germ Cell-like Cells at the Surface of Embryoid Bodies from Primed-pluripotency Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells
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Cell Surface Marker Mediated Purification of iPS Cell Intermediates from a Reprogrammable Mouse Model
10:32

Cell Surface Marker Mediated Purification of iPS Cell Intermediates from a Reprogrammable Mouse Model

Published on: September 6, 2014

Area of Science:

  • Stem cell biology
  • Epigenetics
  • Cell fate determination

Background:

  • Primordial germ cell (PGC) specification establishes the germ cell lineage from pluripotent epiblast cells.
  • The Blimp1/Prmt5 complex is crucial for early germ cell lineage specification and maintenance.
  • Exogenous signaling molecules like FGF-2, LIF, and SCF can induce PGCs to dedifferentiate into embryonic germ (EG) cells.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate Trichostatin A (TSA) as a potential inducer of PGC dedifferentiation.
  • To elucidate the molecular mechanisms underlying PGC dedifferentiation into EG cells.
  • To explore the role of Blimp1, c-Myc, Klf-4, and LIF/Stat-3 signaling in this process.

Main Methods:

  • Treatment of PGCs with Trichostatin A (TSA).
  • Analysis of gene expression changes, including Blimp1, c-Myc, and Klf-4.
  • Investigation of signaling pathway activation, specifically LIF/Stat-3.
  • Assessment of protein localization for Prmt5.

Main Results:

  • TSA effectively induces PGC dedifferentiation into EG cells, acting as a substitute for FGF-2.
  • A key event is the down-regulation of Blimp1, relieving its cell fate restriction.
  • Up-regulation of Blimp1 targets c-Myc and Klf-4, known reprogramming factors, was observed.
  • Early activation of the LIF/Stat-3 pathway and nuclear translocation of Stat-3 occurred.
  • Prmt5 translocated from the nucleus to the cytoplasm in EG cells.

Conclusions:

  • TSA is a potent agent for inducing PGC dedifferentiation into EG cells.
  • The down-regulation of Blimp1 and subsequent up-regulation of its targets are critical for this dedifferentiation process.
  • Understanding PGC dedifferentiation offers insights into the early mechanisms of cell reprogramming.