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Updated: Jun 28, 2026

Investigating the Neural Mechanisms of Aware and Unaware Fear Memory with fMRI
Published on: October 6, 2011
Fear-conditioned respiration and its association to cardiac reactivity
Ilse Van Diest1, Margaret M Bradley, Pedro Guerra
1Department of Psychology, University of Leuven, Tiensestraat 102, 3000 Leuven, Belgium. Ilse.VanDiest@psy.kuleuven.be
Abstract:
This study aimed to investigate ventilatory correlates of conditioned fear responses. Respiratory, end-tidal carbon dioxide pressure (PetCO(2)) and heart rate changes were studied in a differential fear-conditioning paradigm. Forty-two participants viewed pictures of faces. One picture (CS+) was followed by a human scream (US) during the acquisition phase, but not in a subsequent extinction phase. Conditioning of PetCO(2) (decrease), respiratory cycle time (decrease) and inspiratory duty time (increase) was established and subsequently extinguished. When participants were clustered according to their conditioned PetCO(2) responses during acquisition, only a group showing a conditioned decrease in PetCO(2) showed also a differential cardiac acceleration, a decrease in expiratory duration and an increase in inspiratory duty time in response to the CS+. These results suggest that preparation for defensive action is characterized by a tendency towards hyperventilation and cardiac acceleration.
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