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Related Concept Videos

Cis-regulatory Sequences02:02

Cis-regulatory Sequences

Cis-regulatory sequences are short fragments of non-coding DNA that are present on the same chromosomes as the genes that they regulate. These fragments serve as binding sites for transcriptional regulators, proteins that are responsible for controlling gene transcription and differential gene expression across cell types in eukaryotes. Cis-regulatory sequences can be close to the gene of interest or thousands of bases away in the DNA sequence; however, those sequences that are further away are...
Cis-regulatory Sequences02:02

Cis-regulatory Sequences

Cis-regulatory sequences are short fragments of non-coding DNA that are present on the same chromosomes as the genes that they regulate. These fragments serve as binding sites for transcriptional regulators, proteins that are responsible for controlling gene transcription and differential gene expression across cell types in eukaryotes. Cis-regulatory sequences can be close to the gene of interest or thousands of bases away in the DNA sequence; however, those sequences that are further away are...
Conservative Site-specific Recombination and Phase Variation02:53

Conservative Site-specific Recombination and Phase Variation

Because the DNA segments are cut and reorganized in a direction-specific manner, site-specific recombination has emerged as an efficient genetic engineering technique. Flippase and Cyclization recombinases or Flp and Cre, respectively, are two members of the tyrosine recombinase family derived from bacteriophages, that are used to mediate site-specific DNA insertions, deletions, and targeted expression of proteins in mammalian cell lines.
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Multi-species Conserved Sequences02:51

Multi-species Conserved Sequences

Next-generation sequencing technologies have created large genomic databases of a variety of animals and plants. Ever since the human genome project was completed, scientists studied the genome of primates, mammals, and other phylogenetically distant living beings. Such large-scale  studies have provided new insights into the evolutionary relationship between organisms.
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Gene Duplication and Divergence02:37

Gene Duplication and Divergence

The seminal work of Ohno in 1970 popularized the idea of gene duplication and divergence. DNA sequence comparison studies reveal that a large portion of the genes in bacteria, archaebacteria, and eukaryotes was  generated by gene duplication and divergence, indicating its critical role in evolution.
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Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms-SNPs01:05

Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms-SNPs

A single nucleotide polymorphism or SNP is a single nucleotide variation at a specific genomic position in a large population. It is the most prevalent type of sequence variation found in the human genome. Point mutations that occur in more than 1% of the population qualify as SNPs. These are present once every 1000 nucleotides on an average in the human genome. Replacement of a purine with another purine (A/G) or a pyrimidine with another pyrimidine (C/T) is known as a transition. In contrast,...

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Electrophoretic Analysis of Replication Through Structure-Prone DNA Repeats Within the SV40-Based Human Episome
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UTR dinucleotide simple sequence repeat evolution exhibits recurring patterns including regulatory sequence motif

Donald E Riley1, John N Krieger

  • 1Department of Urology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA. dri@u.washington.edu

Gene
|October 29, 2008
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Evolutionary analysis of dinucleotide simple sequence repeats (diSSRs) reveals their conservation and replacement of regulatory elements. These findings suggest diSSRs play a crucial role in gene regulation across species.

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Area of Science:

  • Genomics
  • Evolutionary Biology
  • Molecular Biology

Background:

  • Dinucleotide simple sequence repeats (diSSRs) are repetitive DNA sequences.
  • Understanding the evolutionary dynamics of diSSRs can provide insights into gene regulation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the evolutionary conservation and functional roles of diSSR sites.
  • To explore the replacement patterns of diSSRs with other repetitive elements and regulatory motifs.

Main Methods:

  • Comparative genomics using genome sequence information.
  • Analysis of conserved upstream flanking sequences of diSSR sites between Homo sapiens and Monodelphis domestica.
  • Examination of diSSR conservation across mammalian and non-mammalian vertebrate species.

Main Results:

  • Most diSSR sites were conserved both upstream and downstream in mammals, with frequent replacement by alternative repeats.
  • The Vsnl1 gene's (AC)n repeat and Sema6D gene's (GT)n repeat showed significant conservation among mammals.
  • diSSRs were found to replace mononucleotide-rich tracts, other diSSRs, and post-transcriptional regulatory motifs like AU-rich elements (AREs).
  • The Mtap2 gene's (AC)n repeat was located within a known dendritic targeting element, suggesting regulatory functions.

Conclusions:

  • diSSRs exhibit significant evolutionary conservation, indicating functional importance.
  • diSSRs can evolve through replacement of other repetitive sequences and regulatory elements.
  • Some diSSRs may function as weak-folding repetitive sequences involved in gene regulation, potentially replacing known regulatory motifs.