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Related Concept Videos

Overview of Cell Death01:30

Overview of Cell Death

Cell death is an essential process where the body gets rid of old or damaged cells. Cell proliferation and death need to be balanced, as an imbalance between the two may lead to cancer or autoimmune diseases.
Cell death was observed in the early 19th century, but there was no experimental evidence to prove it. In 1842, Carl Vogt first discovered cell death in a metamorphic toad; however, it was not termed ‘cell death.’ Scientists discovered different cell death pathways only in the 20th century...
Cellular Injury IlI: Cellular Death01:11

Cellular Injury IlI: Cellular Death

Cell death is the irreversible loss of cellular structure and function, representing the final stage of severe injury. It plays a key role in both normal physiology and disease.Types of Cell DeathThe two main types are necrosis and apoptosis, though others like necroptosis and pyroptosis also exist.Necrosis:Necrosis is an unregulated form of cell death caused by severe injury such as trauma, toxins, or ischemia. It is characterized by cell swelling, membrane loss, rupture, and leakage of...
Necrosis01:16

Necrosis

Necrosis is considered as an “accidental” or unexpected form of cell death that ends in cell lysis. The first noticeable mention of “necrosis” was in 1859 when Rudolf Virchow used this term to describe advanced tissue breakdown in his compilation titled “Cell Pathology”.
Morphological Manifestations of Necrosis
Necrotic cells show different types of morphological appearance depending on the type of tissue and infection. In coagulative necrosis, cells become anucleated and die, but their...
Autophagic Cell Death01:18

Autophagic Cell Death

Christian de Duve discovered “autophagy,” a process in which cellular components are engulfed by membrane-bound organelles called autophagosomes. The autophagosomes then fuse with lysosomes to digest the enclosed contents. Autophagy is generally activated in cells to prevent cell death. However, cell death is triggered when the damage is beyond repair.
Autophagy and Apoptosis
Autophagy can activate apoptosis. In normal conditions, the autophagy activating protein Beclin-1 and pro-apoptotic...
Lysosomal Hydrolases01:22

Lysosomal Hydrolases

Lysosomes are the site for the degradation of macromolecules and biological polymers released during membrane trafficking events such as secretory, endocytic, autophagic, and phagocytic pathways. The membrane-enclosed area of the lysosome, called the lumen, contains hydrolytic enzymes active in an acidic environment. These acid hydrolases are functional at a pH between 4.5 and 5 and are involved in cellular processes such as cell signaling, energy metabolism, restoration of the plasma membrane,...
Phagocytosis of Apoptotic Cells01:17

Phagocytosis of Apoptotic Cells

Cells undergoing apoptosis form apoptotic bodies that must be removed immediately to prevent inflammation, autoimmune diseases, and necrosis. Phagocytosis is carried out by professional phagocytes such as macrophages or  immature dendritic cells. Non-professional phagocytes such as  epithelial cells and fibroblasts also take part in this process; however, they are not as effective as professional phagocytes. 
Normal cells contain receptors that prevent them from being recognized by phagocytes.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 28, 2026

Live-cell Imaging of Lysosomal Membrane Permeabilization During Necroptosis
05:30

Live-cell Imaging of Lysosomal Membrane Permeabilization During Necroptosis

Published on: November 14, 2025

Lysosomal membrane permeabilization in cell death.

P Boya1, G Kroemer

  • 13D Lab (Development, Differentiation and Degeneration), Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiopathology, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, CSIC, Madrid, Spain. pboya@cib.csic.es

Oncogene
|October 29, 2008
PubMed
Summary

Lysosomal membrane permeabilization (LMP) releases enzymes, triggering cell death pathways. Targeting LMP in cancer cells offers potential new therapeutic strategies.

Area of Science:

  • Cell Biology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Biochemistry

Background:

  • Mitochondrial outer membrane permeabilization (MOMP) is a key regulator of apoptosis and necrosis.
  • Lysosomal membrane permeabilization (LMP) is an emerging cell death pathway.
  • LMP involves the release of lysosomal hydrolases into the cytosol.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore the role of lysosomal membrane permeabilization (LMP) in cell death.
  • To understand the mechanisms by which LMP induces cell death.
  • To investigate the therapeutic potential of targeting LMP in cancer.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on LMP and cell death.
  • Analysis of stimuli that induce LMP, including reactive oxygen species and Bax.

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LPS and ATP-induced Death of PMA-differentiated THP-1 Macrophages and its Validation

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High-throughput Measurement of Plasma Membrane Resealing Efficiency in Mammalian Cells
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High-throughput Measurement of Plasma Membrane Resealing Efficiency in Mammalian Cells

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Live-cell Imaging of Lysosomal Membrane Permeabilization During Necroptosis
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Live-cell Imaging of Lysosomal Membrane Permeabilization During Necroptosis

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LPS and ATP-induced Death of PMA-differentiated THP-1 Macrophages and its Validation

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High-throughput Measurement of Plasma Membrane Resealing Efficiency in Mammalian Cells

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  • Examination of the downstream signaling pathways activated by LMP, including caspase activation and MOMP.

    • Main Results:

    • LMP releases cathepsins and other hydrolases, leading to cytosolic enzyme activity.
    • LMP can induce cell death directly or indirectly via MOMP and caspase activation.
    • Massive LMP can cause caspase-independent cell death with necrotic or subapoptotic features.

    Conclusions:

    • LMP is a significant cell death pathway with diverse inducers and outcomes.
    • The dysregulation of LMP in cancer suggests its potential as a therapeutic target.
    • Targeting LMP may offer novel strategies for cancer treatment.