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Related Concept Videos

Toxic Reactions: Overview01:26

Toxic Reactions: Overview

When toxic substances penetrate the human body, they disseminate to various tissues, undergoing metabolic changes. This process yields reactive metabolites that may covalently bind with specific target molecules, resulting in toxicity.
Toxicity falls into two primary categories: local and systemic.
Local toxicity appears at the exposure site, such as protein denaturation caused by caustic substances.
In contrast, systemic toxicity requires the toxic agent's absorption and distribution,...
Types of Toxins01:36

Types of Toxins

Humans continually engage with an environment rich in potentially harmful chemicals. These are introduced to our bodies through inhalation, ingestion, or skin contact. These chemicals exist in various forms, such as air and environmental pollutants, agricultural chemicals, organic solvents, and heavy metals.
Air pollutants, primarily gases, pose significant threats to respiratory health, leading to conditions like hypoxia, lung cancer, and in extreme cases, death.
Environmental pollutants like...
Deleterious Substances in Aggregate01:25

Deleterious Substances in Aggregate

Deleterious substances in aggregates can be detrimental to the quality and durability of concrete. These substances include organic impurities like loam, which interfere with cement hydration and are usually present in the sand. These prevent a good bond between aggregate and cement paste. Organic impurities can be detected using the colorimetric test, where the darkness of a solution after agitation indicates the level of organic content.
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Physical Properties of Amines01:26

Physical Properties of Amines

Amines with low molecular weight are usually gaseous at room temperature, while those with high molecular weight are liquid or solids in nature. Usually, low molecular weight amines have a rotten fish-like smell. Diamines typically have a pungent smell. For instance, cadaverine and putrescine, depicted in Figure 1, are two molecules responsible for decaying tissue.
Inhalation Anthrax01:25

Inhalation Anthrax

Anthrax is a zoonotic disease caused by Bacillus anthracis, a Gram-positive, spore-forming bacterium. It primarily affects herbivorous animals but can be transmitted to humans through skin contact, ingestion, or inhalation of spores.Cutaneous anthrax, the most common form, typically results from direct contact with bacterial spores through skin abrasions and is generally less severe. Gastrointestinal anthrax results from eating undercooked or contaminated meat. It affects the mouth, throat, or...
The Periodic Table and Organismal Elements00:57

The Periodic Table and Organismal Elements

Elements are the smallest units of matter that cannot be broken down further by chemical processes. There are 118 known elements, but not all of these are naturally-occurring, and fewer still are essential for life. Living matter is composed primarily of carbon, nitrogen, hydrogen, and oxygen, with smaller amounts of other elements like calcium, phosphorus, potassium, and sulfur. Other elements are also necessary for life but only in trace amounts.The Periodic Table Provides Information about...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 28, 2026

Implantation and Monitoring by PET/CT of an Orthotopic Model of Human Pleural Mesothelioma in Athymic Mice
07:54

Implantation and Monitoring by PET/CT of an Orthotopic Model of Human Pleural Mesothelioma in Athymic Mice

Published on: December 21, 2019

Asbestos and ship-building: fatal consequences.

John Hedley-Whyte1, Debra R Milamed

  • 1Harvard University, 1400 VFW Parkway, Boston, MA 02132-4927, USA. john_hedley-whyte@hms.harvard.edu

The Ulster Medical Journal
|October 30, 2008
PubMed
Summary

The 1941 bombing of Belfast spurred mass production of Liberty Ships, leading to widespread asbestos use. This resulted in thousands of asbestos-related cancer deaths decades later.

Area of Science:

  • Maritime History
  • Occupational Health
  • Public Health

Background:

  • The 1941 bombing of Belfast severely impacted shipbuilding capabilities at Harland and Wolff.
  • UK treasury constraints limited the British Merchant Ship Building Mission to the USA.
  • News of Belfast's destruction motivated the British Mission and US Maritime Commission.

Observation:

  • The bombing led to the launch of 2,710 Liberty Ships based on British designs.
  • Asbestos was extensively used in shipbuilding during this era.
  • A latency period of over 25 years was observed between asbestos exposure and disease onset.

Findings:

  • Asbestos use in shipbuilding is a primary cause of asbestos-related cancers (malignancy).
  • Thousands of deaths resulted from asbestos exposure in shipyard workers.

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  • Reversal of fire propagation studies on asbestos facilitated Allied strategic mass-fire planning, contributing to civilian casualties.

    • Implications:

    • The long-term health consequences of occupational asbestos exposure are significant.
    • Historical shipbuilding practices had profound public health impacts.
    • Institutions in Boston and Belfast made key discoveries regarding asbestos-related diseases.