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Related Concept Videos

Types of Selection01:46

Types of Selection

Natural selection influences the frequencies of particular alleles and phenotypes within populations in several different ways. Primarily, natural selection can be directional, stabilizing, or disruptive. Directional selection favors one extreme trait and shifts the population towards that phenotype while selecting against individuals displaying alternate traits. Stabilizing selection favors an intermediate trait with a narrow range of variation. Deviation from the optimal phenotype towards an...
Frequency-dependent Selection01:21

Frequency-dependent Selection

When the fitness of a trait is influenced by how common it is (i.e., its frequency) relative to different traits within a population, this is referred to as frequency-dependent selection. Frequency-dependent selection may occur between species or within a single species. This type of selection can either be positive—with more common phenotypes having higher fitness—or negative, with rarer phenotypes conferring increased fitness.Positive Frequency-Dependent SelectionIn positive...
In- and Out-Groups01:31

In- and Out-Groups

People all belong to a gender, race, age, and social economic group. These groups provide a powerful source of our identity and self-esteem (Tajfel & Turner, 1979) and serve as our in-groups. An in-group is a group that we identify with or see ourselves as belonging to.
Inclusive Fitness00:57

Inclusive Fitness

Most altruistic behavior—in which one animal helps another at a cost to themselves—occurs between relatives. Scientists think these altruistic behaviors evolved because they increase the inclusive fitness of the animal providing help.
Woodward–Hoffmann Selection Rules and Microscopic Reversibility01:34

Woodward–Hoffmann Selection Rules and Microscopic Reversibility

Electrocyclic reactions, cycloadditions, and sigmatropic rearrangements are concerted pericyclic reactions that proceed via a cyclic transition state. These reactions are stereospecific and regioselective. The stereochemistry of the products depends on the symmetry characteristics of the interacting orbitals and the reaction conditions. Accordingly, pericyclic reactions are classified as either symmetry-allowed or symmetry-forbidden. Woodward and Hoffmann presented the selection criteria for...
Limits to Natural Selection01:38

Limits to Natural Selection

Organisms that are well-adapted to their environment are more likely to survive and reproduce. However, natural selection does not lead to perfectly adapted organisms. Several factors constrain natural selection.For one, natural selection can only act upon existing genetic variation. Hypothetically, redtusks may enhance elephant survival by deterring ivory-seeking poachers. However, if there are no gene variants—or alleles—for redtusks, natural selection cannot increase the prevalence of...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 28, 2026

Examination of Thymic Positive and Negative Selection by Flow Cytometry
14:29

Examination of Thymic Positive and Negative Selection by Flow Cytometry

Published on: October 8, 2012

Neutralism and selectionism: a network-based reconciliation.

Andreas Wagner

    Nature Reviews. Genetics
    |October 30, 2008
    PubMed
    Summary
    This summary is machine-generated.

    Neutral mutations may pave the way for future evolutionary adaptations, reconciling neutralism and selectionism. This perspective highlights the importance of understanding molecular phenotypes for evolutionary innovation.

    Related Experiment Videos

    Last Updated: Jun 28, 2026

    Examination of Thymic Positive and Negative Selection by Flow Cytometry
    14:29

    Examination of Thymic Positive and Negative Selection by Flow Cytometry

    Published on: October 8, 2012

    Area of Science:

    • Molecular Evolution
    • Evolutionary Biology
    • Genomics

    Background:

    • Neutralism and selectionism represent opposing views on molecular evolution.
    • Genome data challenges pure neutralism, while protein engineering supports neutral mutation roles.
    • Understanding evolutionary innovation requires reconciling these perspectives.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To propose a reconciliation between neutralism and selectionism in molecular evolution.
    • To integrate the role of neutral mutations and molecular phenotypes in evolutionary innovation.

    Main Methods:

    • Review of genome-scale data from protein-coding genes.
    • Analysis of molecular engineering and protein evolution data.
    • Conceptual integration of molecular phenotypes into evolutionary theory.

    Main Results:

    • Neutral mutations may not be the primary drivers of adaptation but can prepare the system for future adaptive changes.
    • Mutational robustness, facilitated by neutral mutations, is crucial for evolutionary innovation.
    • Recent advancements in understanding molecular phenotypes are key to this reconciliation.

    Conclusions:

    • A unified perspective suggests neutral mutations play a preparatory role in evolution.
    • Evolutionary innovation arises from a dynamic interplay between neutral processes and selection.
    • Explicit understanding of molecular phenotypes is essential for future evolutionary research.