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Olefin Metathesis Polymerization: Ring-Opening Metathesis Polymerization (ROMP)

Olefin Metathesis Polymerization: Ring-Opening Metathesis Polymerization (ROMP)

Ring-opening metathesis polymerization or ROMP involves strained cycloalkenes as starting materials. The mechanism of ROMP proceeds by reacting cycloalkene with Grubbs catalyst to give metallacyclobutane intermediate which undergoes a ring-opening reaction to form new carbene. The new carbene reacts with another molecule of cycloalkene. Repetition of these steps leads to the formation of an unsaturated open-chain polymer product. All these steps are reversible, however, relieving the ring...

Photochemical Electrocyclic Reactions: Stereochemistry

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The absorption of UV–visible light by conjugated systems causes the promotion of an electron from the ground state to the excited state. Consequently, photochemical electrocyclic reactions proceed via the excited-state HOMO rather than the ground-state HOMO. Since the ground- and excited-state HOMOs have different symmetries, the stereochemical outcome of electrocyclic reactions depends on the mode of activation; i.e., thermal or photochemical.
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Thermal and Photochemical Electrocyclic Reactions: Overview

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Electrocyclic reactions are reversible reactions. They involve an intramolecular cyclization or ring-opening of a conjugated polyene. Shown below are two examples of electrocyclic reactions. In the first reaction, the formation of the cyclic product is favored. In contrast, in the second reaction, ring-opening is favored due to the high ring strain associated with cyclobutene formation.

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The stereochemistry of electrocyclic reactions is strongly influenced by the orbital symmetry of the polyene HOMO. Under thermal conditions, the reaction proceeds via the ground-state HOMO.
Selection Rules: Thermal Activation
Conjugated systems containing an even number of π-electron pairs undergo a conrotatory ring closure. For example, thermal electrocyclization of (2E,4E)-2,4-hexadiene, a conjugated diene containing two π-electron pairs, gives trans-3,4-dimethylcyclobutene.

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Updated: Jun 28, 2026

An Electrochemical Cholesteric Liquid Crystalline Device for Quick and Low-Voltage Color Modulation

An Electrochemical Cholesteric Liquid Crystalline Device for Quick and Low-Voltage Color Modulation

Published on: February 27, 2019

Electro-optic polymer cladding ring resonator modulators.

Bruce A Block¹, Todd R Younkin, Paul S Davids

¹Components Research, Intel Corporation, Hillsboro, OR 97124, USA. bruce.a.block@intel.com

|October 30, 2008

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Researchers developed compact electro-optic polymer cladding micro-ring resonator modulators for high-speed optical interconnects. These devices, with sub-50 micrometer ring diameters, achieved optical modulation at 10 GHz clock signals.

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Area of Science:

Photonics
Materials Science
Electrical Engineering

Background:

High-speed chip-to-chip optical interconnects require efficient, compact optical modulators.
Electro-optic (EO) polymers offer potential for high-performance modulation due to their properties.

Purpose of the Study:

To fabricate and characterize novel electro-optic polymer cladding micro-ring resonator modulators.
To demonstrate the feasibility of miniaturized modulators for advanced optical communication systems.

Main Methods:

Fabrication of micro-ring resonators using a silicon nitride waveguide system on silicon oxide.
Integration of an electro-optic polymer as the top cladding material.
Characterization of optical modulation performance with varying clock signals.

Main Results:

Successfully fabricated optical modulators with ring diameters smaller than 50 micrometers.
Observed optical modulation performance with clock signals up to 10 GHz.
Demonstrated the effectiveness of EO polymer cladding for modulator function.

Conclusions:

Compact EO polymer cladding micro-ring resonator modulators are viable for high-speed optical interconnects.
The demonstrated devices show promise for future integrated photonic applications.
Further optimization could lead to even higher modulation speeds and efficiencies.