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Updated: Jun 28, 2026

Activation of Apoptosis by Cytoplasmic Microinjection of Cytochrome c
Published on: June 29, 2011
Microcystin-RR induces apoptosis in fish lymphocytes by generating reactive oxygen species and causing mitochondrial
1College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310028, PR China.
Abstract:
Microcystin-RR (MCRR), a very widespread toxic microcystin in China, has previously been proved to induce sensitive apoptosis in Carassius auratus lymphocytes in vitro. This study focused on the role of intracellular Ca(2+), mitochondrial membrane potential, reactive oxygen species, and intracellular ATP in the mechanism of MCRR-induced apoptotic toxicity to fish lymphocytes. Compared with controls, administration of MCRR (10 nmol L(-1)) caused a massive calcium influx resulting in elevation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), rapid disruption of mitochondrial membrane potential (DeltaPsim), and depletion of ATP. This study provided a possible mechanism for the cytotoxicity of microcystins to fish lymphocytes.
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