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Updated: Jun 28, 2026

Ligand-Mediated Nucleation and Growth of Palladium Metal Nanoparticles
Published on: June 25, 2018
Computer calculation of equilibrium concentrations in mixtures of metal ions and complexing species
1Department of Medical Chemistry, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia.
Abstract:
A method is described for calculating equilibrium concentrations of all species in multi-metal-multi-ligand mixtures from the pH of the solution, the total concentration of each metal and each complexing agent, and the relevant equilibrium constants (pK(a) values and stability constants). No restriction is imposed on types of possible complexes, which can include mixed, hydrolysed, protonated and polynuclear species. Two examples are given. One of these comprises a 10-metal-10-ligand system (195 equilibrium constants). In the second system, mixed complex formation is important. The computer program is given.
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