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Related Concept Videos

Diazonium Group Substitution: –OH and –H01:19

Diazonium Group Substitution: –OH and –H

Nitrous acid, a weak acid, is prepared in situ via the reaction of sodium nitrite with a strong acid under cold conditions. This nitrous acid prepared in situ reacts with primary arylamines to form arenediazonium salts. Such reactions are known as diazotization reactions. As shown in Figure 1, the formation of arenediazonium salts begins with the decomposition of nitrous acid in an acidic solution to give nitrosonium ions.
Aldehydes and Ketones with HCN: Cyanohydrin Formation Overview01:32

Aldehydes and Ketones with HCN: Cyanohydrin Formation Overview

Cyanohydrins are compounds that contain –CN and –OH groups on the same carbon atom. They are formed by the nucleophilic addition of the cyanide ions to the carbonyl group. Cyanide ions are highly basic and nucleophilic and can be generated from HCN under aqueous conditions. However, since HCN is a weak acid, the number of cyanide ions generated is very small. Hence, a small amount of base or KCN/NaCN is added to HCN to increase the concentration of the cyanide ions in the reaction mixture.
Aldehydes and Ketones with HCN: Cyanohydrin Formation Mechanism01:10

Aldehydes and Ketones with HCN: Cyanohydrin Formation Mechanism

Cyanohydrins are formed when cyanide nucleophiles and carbonyl compounds like aldehydes and ketones react. A strong base, the cyanide ion, catalyzes cyanohydrin formation. The ions are generated from HCN under aqueous conditions. Once the cyanide ions are generated, the first step involves the nucleophilic attack of the cyanide ions on the electrophilic carbonyl carbon. This attack shifts the π electrons from the C=O to the oxygen atom forming the alkoxide ion intermediate. The alkoxide anion...
Alkynes to Aldehydes and Ketones: Acid-Catalyzed Hydration02:40

Alkynes to Aldehydes and Ketones: Acid-Catalyzed Hydration

Introduction
Analogous to alkenes, alkynes also undergo acid-catalyzed hydration. While the addition of water to an alkene gives an alcohol, hydration of alkynes produces different products such as aldehydes and ketones.
Aryldiazonium Salts to Azo Dyes: Diazo Coupling01:11

Aryldiazonium Salts to Azo Dyes: Diazo Coupling

The reaction of weakly electrophilic aryldiazonium (also called arenediazonium) salts with highly activated aromatic compounds leads to the formation of products with an —N=N— link, called an azo linkage. This reaction, presented in Figure 1, is known as diazo coupling and occurs without the loss of the nitrogen atoms of the aryldiazonium salt. Highly activated aromatic compounds such as phenols or arylamines favor the diazo coupling reaction. The coupling generally occurs at the para position.
Aldehydes and Ketones with Water: Hydrate Formation01:20

Aldehydes and Ketones with Water: Hydrate Formation

An oxygen-based nucleophile, like water, can undergo addition reactions with aldehydes and ketones. The reaction leads to the formation of hydrates, also referred to as 1,1-diols or geminal diols.
The formation of hydrates is a reversible reaction. Hydrate formation is influenced by steric and electronic factors accompanying the alkyl substituents on the carbonyl group: The rate of hydrate formation increases with a decrease in the number of alkyl groups attached to the carbonyl carbon. Hence,...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 28, 2026

Cercosporin-Photocatalyzed [4+1]- and [4+2]-Annulations of Azoalkenes Under Mild Conditions
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Cercosporin-Photocatalyzed [4+1]- and [4+2]-Annulations of Azoalkenes Under Mild Conditions

Published on: July 17, 2020

Analytical applications of hydrazones.

M Katyal1, Y Dutt

  • 1St. Stephen's College, Delhi 110007, India.

Talanta
|February 1, 1975
PubMed
Summary

This review explores the diverse analytical uses of hydrazones. Hydrazones are versatile compounds with significant applications in various analytical chemistry techniques.

Area of Science:

  • Analytical Chemistry
  • Organic Chemistry

Background:

  • Hydrazones are a class of organic compounds characterized by a C=N-NH2 functional group.
  • They are synthesized through the condensation reaction between aldehydes or ketones and hydrazine derivatives.
  • Hydrazones exhibit diverse chemical properties making them suitable for various analytical applications.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide a comprehensive overview of the analytical applications of hydrazones.
  • To highlight the versatility and utility of hydrazones in different analytical methodologies.
  • To serve as a reference for researchers interested in the analytical chemistry of hydrazones.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of scientific publications.
  • Analysis of research papers detailing the synthesis and application of hydrazones.

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Cercosporin-Photocatalyzed [4+1]- and [4+2]-Annulations of Azoalkenes Under Mild Conditions
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  • Categorization of applications based on analytical techniques.

    • Main Results:

    • Hydrazones are employed in spectrophotometry, chromatography, and electrochemistry.
    • They serve as derivatizing agents for enhancing detection limits.
    • Specific hydrazone derivatives show promise in sensing and imaging applications.

    Conclusions:

    • Hydrazones are valuable reagents in analytical chemistry.
    • Their unique properties facilitate sensitive and selective detection of various analytes.
    • Further research into novel hydrazone structures can expand their analytical utility.