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Related Concept Videos

Fast Reactions01:27

Fast Reactions

Fast reactions occurring in times shorter than the time needed to mix reactants pose a unique challenge for investigation. In a liquid-phase continuous-flow system, reactants A and B are swiftly pushed into the mixing chamber, where mixing occurs within 1 ms. The reaction mixture then flows through an observation tube, and one measures light absorption to determine species concentrations at various points of the tube. This method is most appropriate when relatively large volumes of reactants...
Measuring Reaction Rates03:09

Measuring Reaction Rates

Polarimetry finds application in chemical kinetics to measure the concentration and reaction kinetics of optically active substances during a chemical reaction. Optically active substances have the capability of rotating the plane of polarization of linearly polarized light passing through them—a feature called optical rotation. Optical activity is attributed to the molecular structure of substances. Normal monochromatic light is unpolarized and possesses oscillations of the electrical field in...
Acidity and Basicity of Alcohols and Phenols02:36

Acidity and Basicity of Alcohols and Phenols

Like water, alcohols are weak acids and bases. This is attributed to the polarization of the O–H bond making the hydrogen partially positive. Moreover, the electron pairs on the oxygen atom of alcohol make it both basic and nucleophilic. Protonation of an alcohol converts hydroxide, a poor leaving group, into water—a good one. The two acid–base equilibria corresponding to ethanol are depicted below.
Determining Order of Reaction02:53

Determining Order of Reaction

Rate laws describe the relationship between the rate of a chemical reaction and the concentration of its reactants. In a rate law, the rate constant k and the reaction orders are determined experimentally by observing how the rate of reaction changes as the concentrations of the reactants are changed. A common experimental approach to the determination of rate laws is the method of initial rates. This method involves measuring reaction rates for multiple experimental trials carried out using...
Oxidation of Phenols to Quinones01:17

Oxidation of Phenols to Quinones

In the presence of oxidizing agents, phenols are oxidized to quinones. Quinones can be easily reduced back to phenols using mild reducing agents. The electron-donating hydroxyl group enhances the reactivity of the aromatic ring, enabling oxidation of the ring even in the absence of an α hydrogen.
o-hydroxy phenols are oxidized to o-quinones and p-hydroxy phenols to p-quinones. Such redox reactions involve the transfer of two electrons and two protons. The reversible redox property is crucial in...
Hydrolysis of Chlorobenzene to Phenol: Dow Process01:10

Hydrolysis of Chlorobenzene to Phenol: Dow Process

Simple aryl halides do not react with nucleophiles under normal conditions. However, the reaction can proceed under drastic conditions involving high temperatures and high pressure to give the substituted products. For example, chlorobenzene is converted to phenol using aqueous sodium hydroxide at 350 °C under high pressure by the Dow process. The reaction follows an elimination-addition mechanism involving a benzyne intermediate. Here, the chloride ion is eliminated to generate the benzyne...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 28, 2026

Original Experimental Approach for Assessing Transport Fuel Stability
09:48

Original Experimental Approach for Assessing Transport Fuel Stability

Published on: October 21, 2016

Kinetic determination of phenols by a fixed-time method.

L R Sherman1, V L Trust, H Hoang

  • 1Department of Chemistry, The University of Akron, Akron, Ohio 44325, U.S.A.

Talanta
|June 1, 1981
PubMed
Summary

This study determined 15 phenols using a fixed-time kinetic method with sodium metaperiodate oxidation. Reaction rates were enhanced by increased acid and metaperiodate, but slowed by 2-propanol solvent.

Area of Science:

  • Analytical Chemistry
  • Chemical Kinetics

Background:

  • Phenol determination is crucial in environmental and industrial analysis.
  • Existing methods may lack efficiency or require specific conditions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop and validate a fixed-time kinetic method for quantifying phenols.
  • To investigate the influence of reaction parameters on phenol oxidation.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized a fixed-time kinetic approach for phenol analysis.
  • Employed sodium metaperiodate as an oxidizing agent.
  • Measured absorbance of yellow oxidation products.

Main Results:

  • Successfully determined 15 different phenols.
  • Reaction rate increased with higher acid and metaperiodate concentrations.

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Millifluidics for Chemical Synthesis and Time-resolved Mechanistic Studies

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Last Updated: Jun 28, 2026

Original Experimental Approach for Assessing Transport Fuel Stability
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12:55

Millifluidics for Chemical Synthesis and Time-resolved Mechanistic Studies

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  • 2-propanol as a solvent was found to decrease the reaction rate.

    • Conclusions:

    • The fixed-time kinetic method provides a viable approach for phenol determination.
    • Optimizing acid and oxidant concentrations is key for efficient analysis.
    • Solvent choice significantly impacts the reaction kinetics.