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Ionic Strength: Effects on Chemical Equilibria

Ionic Strength: Effects on Chemical Equilibria

The addition of an inert ionic compound increases the solubility of a sparingly soluble salt. For example, adding potassium nitrate to a saturated solution of calcium sulfate significantly enhances the solubility of calcium sulfate. Le Châtelier's principle cannot predict this shift in the equilibrium. Instead, this could be explained in terms of changes in the effective concentration of the ions in solution in the presence of added inert salt.
In this solution, the primary cation—the calcium...

Precipitation of Ions

Precipitation of Ions

Predicting Precipitation
The equation that describes the equilibrium between solid calcium carbonate and its solvated ions is:

Qualitative Analysis

Qualitative Analysis

For solutions containing mixtures of different cations, the identity of each cation can be determined by qualitative analysis. This technique involves a series of selective precipitations with different chemical reagents, each reaction producing a characteristic precipitate for a specific group of cations. Metal ions within a group are further separated by varying the pH, heating the mixture to redissolve a precipitate, or adding other reagents to form complex ions.
For instance, group IV...

Washing, Drying, and Ignition of Precipitates

Washing, Drying, and Ignition of Precipitates

After filtration, the precipitate is washed to remove coprecipitated impurities and any remaining mother liquor. Colloidal precipitates, such as silver chloride, are washed with an electrolyte (such as dilute nitric acid) to prevent the peptization of the precipitate. In the case of slightly soluble precipitates, the wash solution contains a common ion to reduce solubility. Lead sulfate, which is slightly soluble in water, is washed with dilute sulfuric acid. Similarly, wash solutions may be...

Alkali Metals

Alkali Metals

Group 1 elements are soft and shiny metallic solids. They are malleable, ductile, and good conductors of heat and electricity. The melting points of the alkali metals are unusually low for metals and decrease going down the group, while the density increases going down the group with the exception of potassium (Table 1).
Table 1: Properties of the alkali metals

Oxidation of Alkenes: Syn Dihydroxylation with Potassium Permanganate

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Alkenes can be dihydroxylated using potassium permanganate. The method encompasses the reaction of an alkene with a cold, dilute solution of potassium permanganate under basic conditions to form a cis-diol along with a brown precipitate of manganese dioxide.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 28, 2026

Optimized Procedure for Determining the Adsorption of Phosphonates onto Granular Ferric Hydroxide using a Miniaturized Phosphorus Determination Method

Optimized Procedure for Determining the Adsorption of Phosphonates onto Granular Ferric Hydroxide using a Miniaturized Phosphorus Determination Method

Published on: May 18, 2018

Annotation: Drying conditions for potassium dichromate.

T Yoshimori¹, K Kamijoh

¹Faculty of Engineering, Science University of Tokyo, Kagurazaka, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 162, Japan.

|April 1, 1982

Summary

Drying potassium dichromate below 200°C is crucial when organic impurities are present. Higher temperatures cause oxidative decomposition, leading to errors in standardization. This ensures accurate chemical analysis.

Area of Science:

Analytical Chemistry
Inorganic Chemistry

Background:

Potassium dichromate is a primary standard used in quantitative analysis.
Accurate standardization of potassium dichromate is essential for reliable chemical measurements.

Purpose of the Study:

To determine the optimal drying conditions for primary-standard or SRM grade potassium dichromate.
To investigate the effect of drying temperature on the purity and standardization accuracy of potassium dichromate.

Main Methods:

Experimental examination of drying conditions for potassium dichromate.
Analysis of the impact of elevated temperatures on organic impurities within the sample.

Main Results:

Optimal drying temperature for potassium dichromate with organic impurities should not exceed 200°C.

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Optimized Procedure for Determining the Adsorption of Phosphonates onto Granular Ferric Hydroxide using a Miniaturized Phosphorus Determination Method

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Organic matter decomposes oxidatively at higher temperatures, introducing errors.

The presence of organic impurities necessitates careful control of drying temperature.

Conclusions:

Drying potassium dichromate at temperatures above 200°C in the presence of organic impurities leads to inaccurate standardization.
Strict adherence to drying temperature limits is vital for maintaining the integrity of potassium dichromate as a primary standard.