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Infrared (IR) Spectroscopy: Overview

Infrared (IR) Spectroscopy: Overview

When electromagnetic radiation passes through a material, atoms or molecules transition from a lower to a higher energy state by absorbing radiation corresponding to the energy difference between the two states. The absorption of infrared (IR) radiation causes transitions between vibrational energy levels in a molecule. Therefore, IR spectroscopy is a useful analytical tool for determining the molecular structure of molecules.
Different compounds display unique properties due to their...

Applications of IR Spectroscopy: Overview

Applications of IR Spectroscopy: Overview

The non-destructive nature and ability to provide valuable chemical information make IR spectroscopy a versatile technique with broad applications in various scientific and industrial fields. IR spectroscopy is commonly used to identify and characterize organic and inorganic compounds. It provides information about the functional groups present in a molecule and the bonding between atoms. This helps in the structural elucidation of compounds during organic synthesis, pharmaceutical research,...

IR Spectrometers

IR Spectrometers

There are two main infrared (IR) spectrophotometers: dispersive IR spectrometers and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectrometers. In a dispersive IR spectrometer, a beam of infrared radiation produced by a hot wire is divided into two parallel equal-intensity beams using mirrors. One beam passes through the sample, while another is a reference beam. The beams then move through the monochromator, which separates the radiations into a continuous spectrum of different frequencies. The...

IR Spectroscopy: Molecular Vibration Overview

IR Spectroscopy: Molecular Vibration Overview

When Infrared (IR) radiation passes through a covalently bonded molecule, the bonds transition from lower to higher vibrational levels. The fundamental vibrational motions that result in infrared absorption can be classified as stretching or bending vibrations.
Stretching vibrations are vibrational motions that occur along the bond line, changing the bond length or distance between two bonded atoms. They are further distinguished as symmetric or asymmetric. In symmetric stretching, the...

IR Spectrum

IR Spectrum

When infrared (IR) radiation passes through a molecule, the bonds stretch or bend by absorbing the radiation. This absorption creates the molecule's absorption spectrum, which is the plot of its percentage transmittance versus wavenumber.
Transmittance is defined as the ratio of the radiant power passing through a sample to that from the radiation's source. Multiplying the transmittance by 100 gives the percent transmittance (%T), which varies between 100% (no absorption) and 0% (complete...

IR Frequency Region: X–H Stretching

IR Frequency Region: X–H Stretching

In IR spectroscopy, signals produced by the X−H bonds (such as C−H, O−H, or N−H) can be observed in the frequency range of 2700–4000 cm–1. The C−H stretching vibration forms sharp bands in the region 2850–3000 cm–1. The presence of the O−H stretching vibration leads to the forming of an absorption band in the frequency range 3650–3200 cm−1. At the same time, N−H stretching can be confirmed by absorption bands in the 3500–3100 cm−1 range. Even though both O−H and N−H bonds vibrate at a similar...

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Raman and IR Spectroelectrochemical Methods as Tools to Analyze Conjugated Organic Compounds

Raman and IR Spectroelectrochemical Methods as Tools to Analyze Conjugated Organic Compounds

Published on: October 12, 2018

Solution infrared spectroelectrochemistry: A review.

¹Department of Chemistry, San Jose State University, San Jose, California 95192, U.S.A.

|November 1, 1991

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Infrared spectroelectrochemistry monitors dissolved redox species, overcoming solvent interference challenges. This technique is vital for understanding electrode reactions in various chemical systems.

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Area of Science:

Analytical Chemistry
Electrochemistry
Spectroscopy

Background:

Infrared (IR) spectroelectrochemistry is widely used for electrode surface studies.
Its application to dissolved redox species is less common due to solvent interference.
Specialized thin-layer cells are needed for potentiostatic control in solution studies.

Purpose of the Study:

To present applications of IR spectroelectrochemistry for solution species.
To discuss experimental challenges and solutions for solution IR spectroelectrochemistry.
To highlight the importance of monitoring dissolved redox species in electrode reactions.

Main Methods:

Utilizing infrared (IR) spectroscopy coupled with electrochemical control.
Employing thin-layer spectroelectrochemical cells for solution analysis.
Addressing solvent absorption interference to detect analyte vibrational modes.

Main Results:

Demonstrated successful application of IR spectroelectrochemistry to solution-phase redox systems.
Provided examples across biochemical, inorganic, and organic chemistry.
Discussed strategies for overcoming experimental difficulties.

Conclusions:

IR spectroelectrochemistry is a powerful tool for characterizing dissolved redox species.
The technique enables spectroscopic monitoring of reactants, intermediates, and products.
Further development can enhance its utility in diverse electrochemical investigations.