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Related Concept Videos

Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy: Lab01:21

Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy: Lab

For AAS measurements, samples must be introduced as clear solutions, often requiring extensive preliminary treatment to dissolve materials like soils, animal tissues, and minerals. Common methods for sample preparation include treatment with hot mineral acids, wet ashing, combustion in closed containers, high-temperature ashing, or fusion with reagents.
 Solutions containing organic solvents, such as low-molecular-mass alcohols, esters, or ketones, enhance absorbances by increasing nebulizer...
Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy: Atomization Methods01:25

Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy: Atomization Methods

Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (AAS) atomizes samples through flame atomization or electrothermal atomization. Flame atomization typically involves a nebulizer and spray chamber assembly to combine the sample with a fuel–oxidant mixture, creating a fine aerosol mist that enters a burner. Typically, the fuel and oxidant are combined in an approximately stoichiometric ratio. However, for atoms that are easily oxidized, a fuel-rich mixture may be more advantageous. Only about 5% of the aerosol...
Atomic Fluorescence Spectroscopy01:29

Atomic Fluorescence Spectroscopy

Atomic fluorescence spectroscopy (AFS) is an analytical technique that involves the electronic transitions of atoms in a flame, furnace, or plasma being excited by electromagnetic (EM) radiation. When these atoms absorb energy, they become excited and subsequently release energy as they return to their original state. This emitted light, or "fluorescence," is observed at a right angle to the incident beam. Both absorption and emission processes transpire at distinct wavelengths, which are...
Atomic Emission Spectroscopy: Instrumentation01:22

Atomic Emission Spectroscopy: Instrumentation

The instrumentation of atomic emission spectrometry (AES) involves various components, including atomization devices that convert samples into gas-phase atoms and ions. There are two main types of atomization devices: continuous and discrete atomizers.  Continuous atomizers, like plasmas and flames, introduce samples in a constant stream, while discrete atomizers inject individual samples using syringes or autosamplers. The most common discrete atomizer is the electrothermal atomizer.
Atomic Spectroscopy: Absorption, Emission, and Fluorescence01:23

Atomic Spectroscopy: Absorption, Emission, and Fluorescence

Atomic spectroscopy is a vital tool in elemental analysis, both qualitatively and quantitatively. It can be broadly divided into optical spectroscopy, mass spectroscopy, and X-ray spectroscopy methods. The optical spectroscopic methods are atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS), atomic emission spectroscopy (AES), and atomic fluorescence spectroscopy (AFS). The first step in all three methods is atomization, where the solid, liquid, or solution-phase samples are converted into gas-phase atoms and...
Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy: Overview01:27

Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy: Overview

Atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS) is a technique used to analyze elements by measuring electromagnetic radiation (EMR) absorbed by atoms, which causes them to transition to a higher-energy orbit. The most crucial step in AAS is atomization, where the analyte is converted into gas-phase atoms, typically through a flame or furnace. Some of these atoms become thermally excited in the flame, while most remain in the ground state.
When irradiated by EMR of a particular wavelength, these...

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Extraction and Characterization of Surfactants from Atmospheric Aerosols
09:34

Extraction and Characterization of Surfactants from Atmospheric Aerosols

Published on: April 21, 2017

Surfactant-based ordered media in analytical atomic spectrometry.

A Sanz-Medel1, M R de la Campa, M C Y Temprano

  • 1Department of Physical and Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Oviedo, Julián Clavería 8, 33007 Oviedo, Spain.

Talanta
|November 1, 1993
PubMed
Summary

Surfactants enhance analytical atomic spectroscopy by manipulating sample properties and chemical reactions. This improves detection limits and enables advanced techniques like chromatography-based speciation analysis.

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Area of Science:

  • Analytical Chemistry
  • Atomic Spectroscopy
  • Surfactant Science

Background:

  • Growing interest in surfactant-based ordered media in analytical chemistry.
  • Limited and controversial use of surfactants in analytical atomic spectroscopy (AAS).
  • Need to explore surfactant applications for enhancing atomic methodologies.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To discuss the utilization of surfactants in analytical atomic spectroscopy.
  • To explore two main lines: manipulation of physical properties and chemical reactions.
  • To critically review existing facts and controversies regarding surfactant use.

Main Methods:

  • Manipulation of sample solution physical properties (surface tension, wettability).
  • Application of surfactant-based ordered media (micelles, vesicles) for chemical reactions.
  • Utilizing surfactant-enhanced volatile species generation (hydride, cold Hg vapor).
  • Integration with separation techniques like High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC).

Main Results:

  • Surfactants increase nebulization/atomization efficiencies in flame-AAS.
  • Improved aqueous/organic solvent compatibility and wettability of graphitic surfaces.
  • Enhanced detection power for arsenic, lead, and cadmium using hydride generation ICP-AES.
  • Significant sensitivity increases (up to two-fold for As and Pb, five-fold for Cd).
  • Successful HPLC speciation of arsenic compounds using micellar/vesicular mobile phases.

Conclusions:

  • Surfactants offer significant advantages for analytical atomic spectroscopy.
  • Ordered media effectively organize reactants for enhanced chemical generation.
  • Surfactant assemblies enable advanced hyphenated techniques like LC-atomic detection.