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Hydrolysis of Chlorobenzene to Phenol: Dow Process

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Simple aryl halides do not react with nucleophiles under normal conditions. However, the reaction can proceed under drastic conditions involving high temperatures and high pressure to give the substituted products. For example, chlorobenzene is converted to phenol using aqueous sodium hydroxide at 350 °C under high pressure by the Dow process. The reaction follows an elimination-addition mechanism involving a benzyne intermediate. Here, the chloride ion is eliminated to generate the benzyne...

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The synthesis of phenol from benzene via cumene and cumene hydroperoxide is called the Hock process. First, a Friedel–Crafts alkylation reaction of benzene with propene gives cumene. Then cumene forms cumene hydroperoxide via a radical chain reaction. In the chain initiation step, the benzylic hydrogen is abstracted to give a benzylic radical. In the chain propagation step, the benzylic radical reacts with an oxygen diradical to form a cumene hydroperoxide radical. The cumene hydroperoxide...

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Metal ions can be separated from one another by complexation with organic ligands–the chelating agent– to form uncharged chelates. Here, the chelating agent must contain hydrophobic groups and behave as a weak acid, losing a proton to bind with the metal. Since most organic ligands used in this process are insoluble or undergo oxidation in the aqueous phase, the chelating agent is initially added to the organic phase and extracted into the aqueous phase. The metal-ligand complex is formed in...

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Alcohols are organic compounds in which a hydroxy group is attached to a saturated carbon. Phenols are a class of alcohols containing a hydroxy group attached to an aromatic ring. The physical properties of the alcohols and phenols are influenced by hydrogen bonding due to the oxygen–hydrogen dipole in the hydroxy functional group and dispersion forces between alkyl or aryl regions of alcohol and phenol molecules.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 28, 2026

Microwave-Assisted Extraction of Phenolic Compounds and Antioxidants for Cosmetic Applications Using Polyol-Based Technology

Microwave-Assisted Extraction of Phenolic Compounds and Antioxidants for Cosmetic Applications Using Polyol-Based Technology

Published on: August 23, 2024

Extraction of phenols using polyurethane membrane.

K Rzeszutek¹, A Chow

¹Department of Chemistry, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada.

|October 31, 2008

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Polyurethane membranes efficiently extract phenols from solutions. Ether-type membranes outperform ester-type due to hydrogen bonding and hydrophobic interactions, optimizing phenol removal.

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Published on: November 7, 2018

Area of Science:

Environmental Chemistry
Polymer Science

Background:

Phenolic compounds are common environmental pollutants.
Efficient methods for phenol extraction are crucial for water remediation.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate phenol extraction using polyurethane membranes.
To determine factors affecting extraction efficiency.

Main Methods:

Investigated phenol extraction from aqueous and organic solutions using polyurethane membranes.
Studied the effects of concentration, time, surface area, pH, salts, and temperature.

Main Results:

Phenols are extracted as neutral species.
Extraction is influenced by intra- and intermolecular hydrogen bonding and hydrophobic interactions.
Ether-type polyurethane membranes exhibited higher extraction capability than ester-type membranes.

Conclusions:

Polyurethane membranes are effective for phenol extraction.
Membrane chemistry (ether vs. ester) significantly impacts extraction efficiency.
Understanding interaction mechanisms can optimize phenol removal processes.