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Related Concept Videos

Gene Evolution - Fast or Slow?02:05

Gene Evolution - Fast or Slow?

The genomes of eukaryotes are punctuated by long stretches of sequence which do not code for proteins or RNAs. Although some of these regions do contain crucial regulatory sequences, the vast majority of this DNA serves no known function. Typically, these regions of the genome are the ones in which the fastest change, in evolutionary terms, is observed, because there is typically little to no selection pressure acting on these regions to preserve their sequences.
In contrast, regions which code...
Gene Evolution - Fast or Slow?02:05

Gene Evolution - Fast or Slow?

The genomes of eukaryotes are punctuated by long stretches of sequence which do not code for proteins or RNAs. Although some of these regions do contain crucial regulatory sequences, the vast majority of this DNA serves no known function. Typically, these regions of the genome are the ones in which the fastest change, in evolutionary terms, is observed, because there is typically little to no selection pressure acting on these regions to preserve their sequences.
In contrast, regions which code...
Evolutionary Relationships through Genome Comparisons02:54

Evolutionary Relationships through Genome Comparisons

Genome comparison is one of the excellent ways to interpret the evolutionary relationships between organisms. The basic principle of genome comparison is that if two species share a common feature, it is likely encoded by the DNA sequence conserved between both species. The advent of genome sequencing technologies in the late 20th century enabled scientists to understand the concept of conservation of domains between species and helped them to deduce evolutionary relationships across diverse...
Genome Size and the Evolution of New Genes03:21

Genome Size and the Evolution of New Genes

While every living organism has a genome of some kind (be it RNA, or DNA), there is considerable variation in the sizes of these blueprints. One major factor that impacts genome size is whether the organism is prokaryotic or eukaryotic. In prokaryotes, the genome contains little to no non-coding sequence, such that genes are tightly clustered in groups or operons sequentially along the chromosome. Conversely, the genes in eukaryotes are punctuated by long stretches of non-coding sequence.
Genome Size and the Evolution of New Genes03:21

Genome Size and the Evolution of New Genes

While every living organism has a genome of some kind (be it RNA, or DNA), there is considerable variation in the sizes of these blueprints. One major factor that impacts genome size is whether the organism is prokaryotic or eukaryotic. In prokaryotes, the genome contains little to no non-coding sequence, such that genes are tightly clustered in groups or operons sequentially along the chromosome. Conversely, the genes in eukaryotes are punctuated by long stretches of non-coding sequence.
Bacterial Transcription01:53

Bacterial Transcription

RNA polymerase (RNAP) carries out DNA-dependent RNA synthesis in both bacteria and eukaryotes. Bacteria do not have a membrane-bound nucleus. So, transcription and translation occur simultaneously, on the same DNA template.
Transcription can be divided into three main stages, each involving distinct DNA sequences to guide the polymerase. These are:

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 28, 2026

Following the Dynamics of Structural Variants in Experimentally Evolved Populations
04:52

Following the Dynamics of Structural Variants in Experimentally Evolved Populations

Published on: February 3, 2023

Models of coding sequence evolution.

Wayne Delport1, Konrad Scheffler, Cathal Seoighe

  • 1University of Cape Town, Observatory, 7925, Cape Town, South Africa.

Briefings in Bioinformatics
|October 31, 2008
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Probabilistic models of codon evolution help understand gene and protein evolution. These models detect adaptive evolution and positive selection, advancing the study of coding sequence evolution.

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Last Updated: Jun 28, 2026

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Area of Science:

  • Evolutionary biology
  • Computational biology
  • Genomics

Background:

  • Probabilistic models are crucial for understanding molecular sequence evolution.
  • Codon models offer enhanced realism for protein-coding sequences and hypothesis testing.
  • Recent challenges question core assumptions in phylogenetic selection tests.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To outline the theory and application of codon models in detecting positive selection.
  • To review recent advancements in codon model methodology.
  • To provide a foundation for future research in coding sequence evolution.

Main Methods:

  • Utilizing probabilistic models of sequence evolution.
  • Applying statistical model comparison techniques.
  • Developing and reviewing novel methods for phylogenetic tests of selection.

Main Results:

  • Codon models significantly improve model realism for protein-coding sequences.
  • Models can identify adaptive evolution at specific sites or lineages.
  • Recent developments enhance the power and utility of codon models.

Conclusions:

  • Codon models are powerful tools for studying molecular evolution and detecting selection.
  • Addressing assumptions in phylogenetic tests is crucial for robust evolutionary inference.
  • Continued development of codon models will advance our understanding of coding sequence evolution.