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Related Concept Videos

Design Consideration01:22

Design Consideration

Designing a structure involves a series of considerations, primarily the material's ultimate strength, calculated through tests that measure changes under increased force until the material reaches its breaking point or limit. The ultimate load, where the material breaks, is divided by its original cross-sectional area, resulting in the ultimate normal stress or strength. The ultimate shearing stress is another significant factor taken into account.
The factor of safety is another key aspect...
Fatigue01:21

Fatigue

Fatigue occurs when materials rupture under repeated or fluctuating loads, even at stress levels far below their static breaking strength. It typically results in brittle failure, even for ductile materials. It is a critical consideration in designing machines and structural components subjected to repetitive or varying loads. The nature of these loadings can range from fluctuating loads like unbalanced pump impellers causing vibrations to repeatedly bending a thin steel rod wire back and forth...
Survival Tree01:19

Survival Tree

Survival trees are a non-parametric method used in survival analysis to model the relationship between a set of covariates and the time until an event of interest occurs, often referred to as the "time-to-event" or "survival time." This method is particularly useful when dealing with censored data, where the event has not occurred for some individuals by the end of the study period, or when the exact time of the event is unknown.
 Building a Survival Tree
Constructing a survival tree begins...
Mismatch Repair01:20

Mismatch Repair

Organisms are capable of detecting and fixing nucleotide mismatches that occur during DNA replication. This sophisticated process requires identifying the new strand and replacing the erroneous bases with correct nucleotides. Mismatch repair is coordinated by many proteins in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes.
The Mutator Protein Family Plays a Key Role in DNA Mismatch Repair
The human genome has more than 3 billion base pairs of DNA per cell. Prior to cell division, that vast amount of genetic...
Mismatch Repair01:36

Mismatch Repair

Overview
Stability of structures01:14

Stability of structures

In mechanical engineering, the stability of systems under various forces is critical for designing durable and efficient structures. One fundamental way to explore these concepts is by analyzing systems like two rods connected at a pivot point, O, with a torsional spring of spring constant k at the pivot point. This system is similar in appearance to a scissor jack used to change tires on a car. In this case, the arms of the linkage (equivalent to the rods in this system) are entirely vertical,...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 28, 2026

Method and Instrumented Fixture for Femoral Fracture Testing in a Sideways Fall-on-the-Hip Position
06:58

Method and Instrumented Fixture for Femoral Fracture Testing in a Sideways Fall-on-the-Hip Position

Published on: August 17, 2017

Why does a method that fails continue to be used?

L Lacey Knowles1

  • 1Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA. knowlesl@umich.edu

Evolution; International Journal of Organic Evolution
|November 1, 2008
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Nested clade analysis is widely used for phylogeographic inference despite failing to provide reliable results. Its popularity stems from its perceived capabilities rather than its actual performance in evolutionary studies.

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 28, 2026

Method and Instrumented Fixture for Femoral Fracture Testing in a Sideways Fall-on-the-Hip Position
06:58

Method and Instrumented Fixture for Femoral Fracture Testing in a Sideways Fall-on-the-Hip Position

Published on: August 17, 2017

Area of Science:

  • Evolutionary biology
  • Ecological science
  • Population genetics

Background:

  • Phylogeographic inference is crucial for understanding evolutionary and ecological processes.
  • Nested clade analysis (NCA) is a widely applied method for phylogeographic inference.
  • Despite its popularity, NCA's reliability and the conditions for its valid application remain unproven.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review criticisms of nested clade analysis regarding its high rate of incorrect phylogeographic inference.
  • To investigate the reasons behind the persistent popularity of NCA despite its methodological flaws.
  • To differentiate between the promised utility and the actual performance of NCA in historical inference.

Main Methods:

  • Review of historical criticisms and rebuttals concerning nested clade analysis.
  • Analysis of the discrepancy between NCA's purported capabilities and its demonstrated performance.
  • Examination of the factors contributing to the continued widespread use of NCA.

Main Results:

  • Nested clade analysis frequently yields incorrect phylogeographic inferences.
  • The conditions under which NCA provides reliable results have not been demonstrated.
  • The appeal of NCA's claimed utility, rather than its actual achievements, drives its popularity.

Conclusions:

  • Nested clade analysis is a flawed method for phylogeographic inference.
  • Its widespread application is based on perceived potential, not proven efficacy.
  • Evaluating scientific methods requires assessing actual performance over promised outcomes for reliable historical inference.