Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Acute Respiratory Failure-III01:30

Acute Respiratory Failure-III

Hypercapnic respiratory failure, also known as Type 2 or ventilatory respiratory failure, is a severe condition characterized by the body's inability to effectively remove carbon dioxide (CO2) from the bloodstream. It leads to an arterial CO2 pressure (PaCO2) exceeding 45 mmHg and a blood pH above 7.35. This situation indicates that the body's ventilatory demand, or the ventilation needed to maintain normal PaCO2 levels, surpasses its supply or the maximum gas flow achievable without causing...
Assessment of Diffusion and Perfusion01:17

Assessment of Diffusion and Perfusion

Understanding and evaluating diffusion and perfusion is critical in assessing a patient's respiratory and circulatory health. These processes play key roles in maintaining the body's internal environment, ensuring that tissues receive adequate oxygen while waste products are efficiently removed.
The Role of Diffusion in Respiration
Diffusion is the process by which molecules move from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration. In the respiratory system, this principle...
Acute Respiratory Failure-I01:21

Acute Respiratory Failure-I

Acute respiratory failure is a condition characterized by the inability of the lungs to perform their primary function: gas exchange. This failure leads to insufficient oxygen levels (hypoxemia) in the blood, elevated carbon dioxide levels (hypercapnia), or both, causing critical impairment in organ function.
Definition: It is defined by specific criteria based on blood gas measurements. Hypoxemia happens when the partial pressure of oxygen (PaO2) falls below 60 mmHg. At the same time,...
Acute Respiratory Failure-II01:21

Acute Respiratory Failure-II

Type I Respiratory Failure, or hypoxemic respiratory failure, occurs when the partial pressure of oxygen (PaO2) in arterial blood falls below 60 mmHg while breathing room air without a corresponding increase in arterial carbon dioxide levels (PaCO2). This condition highlights a significant impairment in the lungs' capacity to oxygenate the blood.
The underlying physiological abnormalities that contribute to hypoxemic respiratory failure include:
Acute Respiratory Failure-V01:29

Acute Respiratory Failure-V

The treatment for acute respiratory failure varies based on factors like the underlying cause, overall health, and severity. A collaborative healthcare team is essential for early detection, often through arterial blood gas analysis. Identifying the cause is the primary goal, with treatment strategies adjusted for ventilation/perfusion (V/Q) mismatch, shunting, or diffusion impairment.
Ensure that patients are monitored continuously for their response to therapy, including changes in...
Atelectasis II: Pathophysiology01:10

Atelectasis II: Pathophysiology

Atelectasis develops when alveoli lose their air and collapse inward. Because lung tissue is naturally elastic, these air sacs shrink rather than remaining open. Collapsed alveoli are no longer ventilated, reducing their role in gas exchange. Blood flow may continue in these regions, creating a ventilation–perfusion mismatch. Clinical findings include decreased breath sounds, dullness to percussion, reduced chest expansion, and decreased tactile fremitus as sound transmission through collapsed...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Limbic System Microstructure in Neonates With Antenatal Opioid Exposure.

JAMA network open·2026
Same author

Correlation of Oxygen Saturation Index with Oxygenation Index in Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernia: in A Secondary Analysis of a Randomized Clinical Trial.

The Journal of pediatrics·2026
Same author

Budesonide and Surfactant Therapy Versus Surfactant Alone on Incidence of Lung Disease in Preterm Infants (BEST Lung): Study Protocol for a Systematic Review and Individual Participant Data Meta-Analysis With Nested Prospective Meta-Analysis.

Acta paediatrica (Oslo, Norway : 1992)·2026
Same author

Weight changes and variability in the first week of life: associations with mortality in extremely preterm newborns.

Pediatric nephrology (Berlin, Germany)·2026
Same author

Antenatal Opioid Exposure and Cerebral Cortical Maturation in Newborns.

JAMA network open·2026
Same author

Symptom-Based Dosing for Neonatal Opioid Withdrawal: The OPTimize NOW Randomized Clinical Trial.

JAMA·2026

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 28, 2026

Development of a Neonatal Piglet Acute Lung Injury Model Recreating the Early Environment of Preterm Infant Lungs
08:58

Development of a Neonatal Piglet Acute Lung Injury Model Recreating the Early Environment of Preterm Infant Lungs

Published on: October 31, 2025

Permissive hypercapnia to decrease lung injury in ventilated preterm neonates.

Ulrich H Thome1, Namasivayam Ambalavanan

  • 1Division of Neonatology, University Hospital for Children and Adolescents, 04103 Leipzig, Germany. ulrich.thome@medizin.uni-leipzig.de

Seminars in Fetal & Neonatal Medicine
|November 1, 2008
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Permissive hypercapnia, a strategy using controlled high carbon dioxide levels, may offer some benefits for premature infants on ventilators. However, current evidence suggests only modest clinical advantages and does not support widespread use.

More Related Videos

A Swine Model of Neonatal Asphyxia
10:36

A Swine Model of Neonatal Asphyxia

Published on: October 11, 2011

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 28, 2026

Development of a Neonatal Piglet Acute Lung Injury Model Recreating the Early Environment of Preterm Infant Lungs
08:58

Development of a Neonatal Piglet Acute Lung Injury Model Recreating the Early Environment of Preterm Infant Lungs

Published on: October 31, 2025

A Swine Model of Neonatal Asphyxia
10:36

A Swine Model of Neonatal Asphyxia

Published on: October 11, 2011

Area of Science:

  • Neonatal Medicine
  • Pediatric Pulmonology
  • Critical Care

Background:

  • Mechanical ventilation in premature infants can cause lung injury via volutrauma.
  • Permissive hypercapnia involves tolerating higher arterial partial pressure of carbon dioxide (PaCO2).
  • This strategy may mitigate volutrauma and protect against hypocapnia-related brain injury.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the safety and efficacy of permissive hypercapnia in ventilated premature infants.
  • To determine the optimal PaCO2 targets for improving pulmonary and neurological outcomes.
  • To assess the risk-benefit profile of permissive hypercapnia.

Main Methods:

  • Review of recent randomized clinical trials in preterm infants.
  • Analysis of outcomes associated with different PaCO2 levels.
  • Comparison of permissive hypercapnia versus standard ventilation strategies.

Main Results:

  • Mild permissive hypercapnia was found to be safe in preterm infants.
  • Clinical benefits associated with permissive hypercapnia were modest.
  • Extreme hypercapnia may increase the risk of intracranial hemorrhage.

Conclusions:

  • The optimal PaCO2 goal for clinical practice remains undetermined.
  • Current evidence does not support a general recommendation for permissive hypercapnia in preterm infants.
  • Further research is needed to establish definitive guidelines.