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Related Concept Videos

Muscles of the Eye01:20

Muscles of the Eye

The muscles of the eye are sophisticated structures that control eye movement and focus, allowing for the precise and rapid adjustments necessary for vision. The human eye is controlled by ten muscles — six extraocular muscles, three intraocular muscles, and one primary eyelid retractor muscle.
Extraocular Muscles
The six extraocular muscles surround the eyeball and control its movements. They are responsible for a wide range of eye motions, including looking up, down, left, right, and rotating...
Accessory Structures of the Eye01:17

Accessory Structures of the Eye

Optical perception, or vision, is an extraordinary sense dependent on converting light signals received via the ocular organs. These organs, known as eyes, are securely positioned within the bony cavities of the skull, called orbits. The orbits serve a dual purpose: a protective shield for the ocular globes and a stable attachment point for the soft ocular tissues. The eye's external protective mechanisms include the eyelids, which are edged with lashes that act as a barrier against foreign...
Cranial Bones: Lateral View01:27

Cranial Bones: Lateral View

The lateral view of the cranium is dominated by temporal, sphenoid, and ethmoid bones.
The temporal bone forms the lower lateral side of the skull. The temporal bone is subdivided into several regions. The flattened upper portion is the squamous portion of the temporal bone. Below this area and projecting anteriorly is the zygomatic process of the temporal bone, which forms the posterior portion of the zygomatic arch. Posteriorly is the mastoid portion of the temporal bone. Projecting...
Folliculogenesis01:20

Folliculogenesis

Folliculogenesis is the development of ovarian follicles, the specialized structures within the ovarian cortex where oogenesis, or egg development, occurs. This process is essential for female reproductive health and begins during fetal development when primordial follicles are formed. Each primordial follicle comprises a primary oocyte in the center, surrounded by a single layer of squamous pre-granulosa cells. These follicles remain dormant in late prophase I of meiosis until triggered by...
Muscles for Facial Expressions01:14

Muscles for Facial Expressions

The craniofacial muscles are a collection of approximately 20 thin skeletal muscles situated beneath the skin of the face and scalp. These muscles, primarily responsible for the vast array of human facial expressions, originate from the bones or fibrous structures of the skull and extend outwards to connect with the skin. While most skeletal muscles in the body are enveloped in thick fascia, facial muscles generally have a more delicate fascial covering, with the buccinator muscle being a...
Papillary Dermis01:11

Papillary Dermis

Dermis
The dermis might be considered the "core" of the integumentary system, as distinct from the epidermis and hypodermis. It contains blood and lymph vessels, nerves, and other structures, such as hair follicles and sweat glands. The dermis is made of two layers of connective tissue that comprise an interconnected mesh of elastin and collagenous fibers, produced by fibroblasts.
Papillary Layer
The papillary layer is made of loose, areolar connective tissue, which means the collagen and...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 28, 2026

Anterior High-Resolution Optical Coherence Tomography in the Diagnosis and Therapeutic Monitoring of Ocular Surface Squamous Neoplasia
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Anterior High-Resolution Optical Coherence Tomography in the Diagnosis and Therapeutic Monitoring of Ocular Surface Squamous Neoplasia

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A giant upper eyelid ossifying pilomatrixoma.

Syed Ar Rizvi1, Mohammad Naim, Mohammad S Alam

  • 1Institute of Ophthalmology, Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College, AMU, Aligarh, UP, India. draliraza12@hotmail.com

Indian Journal of Ophthalmology
|November 1, 2008
PubMed
Summary

A rare, large ossifying pilomatrixoma, a benign eyelid tumor, occurred in a middle-aged woman. This case highlights the importance of vigilant follow-up for potential recurrence or malignant changes.

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Area of Science:

  • Ophthalmology
  • Dermatopathology
  • Oncology

Background:

  • Pilomatrixoma is a rare benign skin tumor originating from hair matrix cells.
  • Eyelid pilomatrixomas are exceptionally uncommon, particularly in middle-aged individuals.
  • Large or ossifying variants further increase the rarity of this condition.

Observation:

  • A 45-year-old female presented with a painless, progressively enlarging left upper eyelid mass over two years.
  • The tumor measured 3.0 cm x 2.0 cm with normal overlying skin.
  • Initial differential diagnoses included dermoid cyst, epidermoid cyst, chalazion, and basal cell carcinoma.

Findings:

  • Histopathological examination confirmed pilomatrixoma with features of dystrophic calcification, keratinization, foreign body granulomatous reaction, basaloid cells, and shadow cells.
  • Unusually, the tumor also exhibited ossification in addition to calcification.
  • The diagnosis was an unusually large ossifying pilomatrixoma.

Implications:

  • This case underscores the potential for pilomatrixoma to present as a large, ossifying mass in the eyelid.
  • Accurate histopathological diagnosis is crucial for differentiating pilomatrixoma from other eyelid lesions.
  • Long-term patient follow-up is recommended to monitor for recurrence or malignant transformation.