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Related Concept Videos

Positive Regulator Molecules02:39

Positive Regulator Molecules

Mitotic cell division results in daughter cells that exactly resemble the parent cell. However, errors in the DNA replication or distribution of genetic material may lead to genetic mutations that may be passed down to every new cell formed from the resulting abnormal cell. Propagation of such mutant cells is restricted through checkpoint mechanisms present at different stages of the cell cycle. These checkpoints involve regulator molecules that either promote or demote cell cycle events.
Positive Regulator Molecules01:45

Positive Regulator Molecules

To consistently produce healthy cells, the cell cycle—the process that generates daughter cells—must be precisely regulated.
Chromatin Modification in iPS Cells01:32

Chromatin Modification in iPS Cells

Chromatin modification alters gene expression; therefore, scientists can add histone-modifying enzymes, histone variants, and chromatin remodeling complexes to somatic cells to aid reprogramming into pluripotent stem (iPS) cells.
Compact chromatin makes reprogramming difficult. Enzymes, such as histone demethylases and acetyltransferases, are often added during reprogramming to loosen the chromatin, making the DNA more accessible to transcription factors. Molecules that inhibit histone...
Inhibition of Cdk Activity02:34

Inhibition of Cdk Activity

The orderly progression of the cell cycle depends on the activation of Cdk protein by binding to its cyclin partner. However, the cell cycle must be restricted when undergoing abnormal changes. Most cancers correlate to the deregulated cell cycle, and since Cdks are a central component of the cell cycle, Cdk inhibitors are extensively studied to develop anticancer agents. For instance, cyclin D associates with several Cdks, such as Cdk 4/6, to form an active complex. The cyclin D-Cdk4/6 complex...
Hedgehog Signaling Pathway02:33

Hedgehog Signaling Pathway

The Hedgehog gene (Hh) was first discovered due to its control of the growth of disorganized, hair-like bristles phenotype in Drosophila, much like hedgehog spines. Hh plays a crucial role in the development of organs and the maintenance of homeostasis in both invertebrates and vertebrates. However, while Drosophila has only one Hh protein, mammals have multiple functional Hedgehog proteins - Sonic (Shh), Desert (Dhh), and Indian Hedgehog (Ihh). All of these homologous proteins have adapted to...
Hedgehog Signaling Pathway02:33

Hedgehog Signaling Pathway

The Hedgehog gene (Hh) was first discovered due to its control of the growth of disorganized, hair-like bristles phenotype in Drosophila, much like hedgehog spines. Hh plays a crucial role in the development of organs and the maintenance of homeostasis in both invertebrates and vertebrates. However, while Drosophila has only one Hh protein, mammals have multiple functional Hedgehog proteins - Sonic (Shh), Desert (Dhh), and Indian Hedgehog (Ihh). All of these homologous proteins have adapted to...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 28, 2026

Light-mediated Reversible Modulation of the Mitogen-activated Protein Kinase Pathway during Cell Differentiation and Xenopus Embryonic Development
09:32

Light-mediated Reversible Modulation of the Mitogen-activated Protein Kinase Pathway during Cell Differentiation and Xenopus Embryonic Development

Published on: June 15, 2017

How cells switch HIPK2 on and off.

D Sombroek1, T G Hofmann

  • 1Cellular Senescence Group, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), DKFZ-ZMBH Alliance, Heidelberg, Germany.

Cell Death and Differentiation
|November 1, 2008
PubMed
Summary

Homeodomain-interacting protein kinase 2 (HIPK2) acts as a tumor suppressor by regulating apoptosis. Its activity is controlled post-transcriptionally, with DNA damage promoting HIPK2 stabilization and activation.

Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Cell Biology
  • Cancer Research

Background:

  • Homeodomain-interacting protein kinase 2 (HIPK2) is recognized as a key regulator of cell growth and apoptosis.
  • HIPK2 functions as a potential tumor suppressor and a DNA damage-responsive kinase.
  • Its role in activating apoptosis through phosphorylation of downstream targets like p53 is established, but its regulation remained unclear.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To elucidate the regulatory mechanisms controlling HIPK2 activity.
  • To investigate the post-transcriptional control of HIPK2, focusing on proteolysis.
  • To understand the interplay between HIPK2, DNA damage signaling, and tumor suppression.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of post-transcriptional regulation of HIPK2.

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Real-time Bioluminescence Imaging of Notch Signaling Dynamics during Murine Neurogenesis

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Quantitative PCR-based Assay to Measure Sonic Hedgehog Signaling in Cellular Model of Ciliogenesis
07:26

Quantitative PCR-based Assay to Measure Sonic Hedgehog Signaling in Cellular Model of Ciliogenesis

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Last Updated: Jun 28, 2026

Light-mediated Reversible Modulation of the Mitogen-activated Protein Kinase Pathway during Cell Differentiation and Xenopus Embryonic Development
09:32

Light-mediated Reversible Modulation of the Mitogen-activated Protein Kinase Pathway during Cell Differentiation and Xenopus Embryonic Development

Published on: June 15, 2017

Real-time Bioluminescence Imaging of Notch Signaling Dynamics during Murine Neurogenesis
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Real-time Bioluminescence Imaging of Notch Signaling Dynamics during Murine Neurogenesis

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Quantitative PCR-based Assay to Measure Sonic Hedgehog Signaling in Cellular Model of Ciliogenesis
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Quantitative PCR-based Assay to Measure Sonic Hedgehog Signaling in Cellular Model of Ciliogenesis

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  • Investigation of caspase-dependent processing and ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS) mediated degradation.
  • Examination of the role of transcription factor p53 in HIPK2 regulation.
  • Study of HIPK2 stabilization and activation in response to DNA damage.

    • Main Results:

    • HIPK2 activity is primarily regulated at the post-transcriptional level.
    • Caspase-dependent processing leads to HIPK2 hyperactivation.
    • The ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS) degrades HIPK2, maintaining its homeostasis.
    • DNA damage disrupts UPS-mediated negative regulation, stabilizing and activating HIPK2.
    • Both HIPK2 hyperactivation and degradation are modulated by transcription factor p53.

    Conclusions:

    • HIPK2 regulation is mainly governed by proteolysis, balancing hyperactivation and degradation.
    • The ubiquitin-proteasome system's control over HIPK2 is relieved upon DNA damage, promoting its tumor-suppressive function.
    • Understanding HIPK2 regulation provides insights into DNA damage response and cancer suppression mechanisms.